Abstract: A hardmask composition, a hardmask layer manufactured from the hardmask composition, and a method of forming a pattern or patterns using the hardmask layer manufactured from the hardmask composition, the hardmask composition includes a polymer including a structural unit represented by Chemical Formula 1; and a solvent,

Abstract: Provided is a resistance-switching device. The resistance-switching device includes a first wiring including an aluminum oxide surface layer, and a second wiring including a carbon-containing surface layer in contact with the aluminum oxide surface layer. Electrochemical reaction products according to a reaction of aluminum oxide and carbon are generated or destroyed at a contact interface between the aluminum oxide surface layer and the carbon-containing surface layer according to a voltage or a current applied to the first wiring and the second wiring, and low resistance and high resistance are provided between the first wiring and the second wiring by the generation or destruction of the electrochemical reaction products.

Abstract: Provided is a resistance-switching device. The resistance-switching device includes a first wiring including an aluminum oxide surface layer, and a second wiring including a carbon-containing surface layer in contact with the aluminum oxide surface layer. Electrochemical reaction products according to a reaction of aluminum oxide and carbon are generated or destroyed at a contact interface between the aluminum oxide surface layer and the carbon-containing surface layer according to a voltage or a current applied to the first wiring and the second wiring, and low resistance and high resistance are provided between the first wiring and the second wiring by the generation or destruction of the electrochemical reaction products.

Abstract: An image encoding method and apparatus and an image decoding method and apparatus are provided. The image encoding method and image decoding method may enhance performance of the image encoding apparatus and performance of the image decoding apparatus by adaptively applying a tile-based parallel encoding scheme, a frame-based parallel encoding scheme, and an instantaneous decoding refresh (IDR) period-based parallel encoding scheme.

Abstract: Disclosed are a method of generating a watermark, a method of generating a broadcast content including the same, and a watermarking system. The method of generating a watermark according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure includes: determining a size of a target image to which a broadcast content is provided; determining the number of watermarks to be inserted into one frame of the target image; generating a watermark insert pattern by using the size of the target image and the number of watermarks; and scaling up the watermark insert pattern to a predetermined pattern for inserting the watermark insert pattern into an original image of the broadcast content.

Abstract: An apparatus for video encoding includes an image prediction unit configured to generate a prediction image about an input image; and a differential signal generation unit configured to generate a differential signal by subtracting the prediction image from the input image. Further, the apparatus includes a restoration image generation unit configured to generate a first restoration image about the input image using the prediction image; and an in-loop filter unit configured to produce a second restoration image that in-loop filtering has been performed, and after performing rate distortion optimization (RDO) by producing bit amount information necessary for restoring the second restoration image, provide result information of the RDO with the image prediction unit.

Abstract: Disclosed are a method of generating a watermark, a method of generating a broadcast content including the same, and a watermarking system. The method of generating a watermark according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure includes: determining a size of a target image to which a broadcast content is provided; determining the number of watermarks to be inserted into one frame of the target image; generating a watermark insert pattern by using the size of the target image and the number of watermarks; and scaling up the watermark insert pattern to a predetermined pattern for inserting the watermark insert pattern into an original image of the broadcast content.

Abstract: A system and method for displaying additional service information of a content on an auxiliary terminal are provided. The auxiliary terminal may extract a portion of a content output from an external device, may analyze at least one piece of feature from the extracted portion of the content, and may receive additional service information corresponding to the content from a selected server. Additionally, the selected sever for providing the additional service information may associate the feature with the additional service information, and may store the feature and the additional service information.

Abstract: A system and a method for providing and distributing a game widely on a network are disclosed. The method includes: creating and storing game platform data which load a game to be distributed; providing a copy function that allows source address information of a game platform, corresponding to the game to be distributed, to be copied; downloading the game platform data in response to a request for the game platform from a client using the source address information of the game platform; and downloading the game to be distributed and additional information in response to an activation of the downloaded game platform data, wherein the game platform provides the copy function that allows the source address information of the game platform to be copied in response to a request from the client.

Abstract: An individual's fine-motor skills can be assessed using a force-feedback haptic unit that includes an end-effecter and programmable settings. To assess these skills, a tangible computer readable medium initializes the programmable settings with a set of initial settings. It then presents a 3-D representation of a character or characters to a user. The user in turn is prompted to mimic the character(s) on a work space. While the user is attempting to mimic the character(s) using the end-effecter on the work space, timed stroke data are collected from the force-feedback haptic unit. Using the timed stroke data, an analysis is then generated to determine the user's precision and accuracy of mimicking the character.

Abstract: A system and a method for providing and distributing a game widely on a network are disclosed. The method includes: creating and storing game platform data which load a game to be distributed; providing a copy function that allows source address information of a game platform, corresponding to the game to be distributed, to be copied; downloading the game platform data in response to a request for the game platform from a client using the source address information of the game platform; and downloading the game to be distributed and additional information in response to an activation of the downloaded game platform data, wherein the game platform provides the copy function that allows the source address information of the game platform to be copied in response to a request from the client.