Abstract: Sulfur-containing chalcogenide absorbers in thin film solar cell are manufactured by sequential sputtering or co-sputtering targets, one of which contains a sulfur compound, onto a substrate and then annealing the substrate. The anneal is performed in a non-sulfur containing environment and avoids the use of hazardous hydrogen sulfide gas. A sulfurized chalcogenide is formed having a sulfur concentration gradient.

Abstract: A microfluidic chip for three-dimensional cell culture with high-throughput perfusion includes an array of cell culture units, each unit including a cell culture medium inlet hole connecting to one cell culture medium tank, at least one micro-bioreactor, at least one microchannel and at least one medium collection and analysis tank. Each medium collection and analysis tank is connected to an air chamber with an air channel and the air chamber has negative pressure source holes to generate negative pressure to drive the culture medium. The microfluidic chip also includes an intermediate plate connected to the bottom surface of the roof, and two bottom plates detachably assembled at the bottom of the intermediate plate. The first and second bottom surfaces have micro-bioreactors and cylindrical recessed slots and the intermediate plate has corresponding holes to achieve the goal of three-dimensional cell culture using minimum experimental resources with high-throughput perfusion.

Abstract: Sulfur-containing chalcogenide absorbers in thin film solar cell are manufactured by sequential sputtering or co-sputtering targets, one of which contains a sulfur compound, onto a substrate and then annealing the substrate. The anneal is performed in a non-sulfur containing environment and avoids the use of hazardous hydrogen sulfide gas. A sulfurized chalcogenide is formed having a sulfur concentration gradient.