Abstract: A quantum absorption spectroscopy system (1) includes a pump light source (11), a quantum interferometer (21), and a spectroscope (31). The pump light source (11) emits pump light. The quantum interferometer (21) causes quantum interference between a plurality of physical processes in which a quantum entanglement photon pair of a signal photon and an idler photon is generated through spontaneous parametric down-conversion of the pump light, a sample being arranged on a propagation path of the idler photon. The spectroscope (31) detects a signal photon from the quantum interferometer (21). The quantum interferometer (21) includes a single mode fiber (SMF) portion optically coupled to at least part of a propagation path of the signal photon and the propagation path of the idler photon.

Abstract: A quantum absorption spectroscopy system (100) includes a laser light source (1), a quantum optical system (201), a photodetector (31), and a controller (4). The laser light source (1) emits pump light. The quantum optical system (201) includes a nonlinear optical crystal (23) that generates a quantum entangled photon pair of a signal photon and an idler photon by irradiation with pump light, and a moving mirror (25) that changes a phase of the idler photon, and causes quantum interference between a plurality of physical processes in which the quantum entangled photon pair is generated. The photodetector (31) detects the signal photon when the phase of the idler photon is changed by the nonlinear optical crystal (23) in a state where a sample is disposed on an optical path of the idler photon, and outputs a quantum interference signal corresponding to the detected number of photons.

Abstract: A pneumatic tire is provided in the tread portion with a land portion including a conductive portion made of a conductive rubber. The conductive portion has a radially inner end electrically connected to a conductive tire internal structural to be connected to a wheel rim, and a radially outer end exposed in a ground contacting top surface of the land portion. The conductive portion extends from its radially inner end to outer end while inclining toward a first side surface of the land portion. The first side surface comprises a radially inner part, and a radially outer part extending radially outwardly from the radially inner part while inclining to the radially outer end of the conductive portion at an angle greater than the radially inner part.

Abstract: In a tire 2, a band 14 has a helically wound structure in which a strip 26 having a cord 28 is wound in a circumferential direction. The band 14 includes a center portion C disposed at a center in an axial direction, and a shoulder portion S disposed outward of the center portion C in the axial direction. A pitch Pc of the strip 26 in the center portion C is not less than 2.0 times a width W of the strip 26 and not greater than 2.5 times the width W. A pitch Ps of the strip 26 in the shoulder portion S is not less than 0.8 times the width W of the strip 26 and not greater than 1.2 times the width W.

Abstract: A pneumatic tire includes a tread having a shoulder main groove, a center main groove formed adjacent to the shoulder main groove, a shoulder land section on tire axially outer side of the shoulder main groove, and a middle land section bordered by the shoulder and center main grooves. The shoulder land section has a shoulder lug groove and a shoulder linked sipe connecting the end of the shoulder lug groove and the shoulder main groove, the middle land section has a middle lug groove and a middle linked sipe connecting the end of the middle lug groove and the center main groove, and the shoulder lug groove, the shoulder linked sipe and the middle lug groove are formed on an inclined curve extending smoothly from the tread edge in the axially inward direction, and the middle linked sipe is inclining in direction opposite with respect to the inclined curve.

Abstract: A pneumatic tire is provided with an asymmetrical tread pattern. The width of an outboard shoulder main groove is less than the width of an outboard crown main groove. The angle of the axially inner groove-sidewall is less than that of the axially outer groove-sidewall. An outboard shoulder land region is provided with outboard shoulder blind grooves extending from the outboard tread edge and terminating within the outboard shoulder land region, and outboard shoulder lateral grooves extending from the outboard tread edge to the outboard shoulder main groove, which are arranged alternately in the tire circumferential direction. An outboard middle land region is provided with outboard middle blind grooves extending axially inwardly from the outboard shoulder main groove, and outboard middle sipes extending from inner ends of the outboard middle blind grooves to the outboard crown main groove.

Abstract: In a tire 2, a band 14 has a helically wound structure in which a strip 26 having a cord 28 is wound in a circumferential direction. The band 14 includes a center portion C disposed at a center in an axial direction, and a shoulder portion S disposed outward of the center portion C in the axial direction. A pitch Pc of the strip 26 in the center portion C is not less than 2.0 times a width W of the strip 26 and not greater than 2.5 times the width W. A pitch Ps of the strip 26 in the shoulder portion S is not less than 0.8 times the width W of the strip 26 and not greater than 1.2 times the width W.

Abstract: A pneumatic tire is provided in the tread portion with a land portion including a conductive portion made of a conductive rubber. The conductive portion has a radially inner end electrically connected to a conductive tire internal structural to be connected to a wheel rim, and a radially outer end exposed in a ground contacting top surface of the land portion. The conductive portion extends from its radially inner end to outer end while inclining toward a first side surface of the land portion. The first side surface comprises a radially inner part, and a radially outer part extending radially outwardly from the radially inner part while inclining to the radially outer end of the conductive portion at an angle greater than the radially inner part.

Abstract: A pneumatic tire is provided with an asymmetrical tread pattern. The width of an outboard shoulder main groove is less than the width of an outboard crown main groove. The angle of the axially inner groove-sidewall is less than that of the axially outer groove-sidewall. An outboard shoulder land region is provided with outboard shoulder blind grooves extending from the outboard tread edge and terminating within the outboard shoulder land region, and outboard shoulder lateral grooves extending from the outboard tread edge to the outboard shoulder main groove, which are arranged alternately in the tire circumferential direction. An outboard middle land region is provided with outboard middle blind grooves extending axially inwardly from the outboard shoulder main groove, and outboard middle sipes extending from inner ends of the outboard middle blind grooves to the outboard crown main groove.

Abstract: A pneumatic tire includes a tread having a shoulder main groove, a center main groove formed adjacent to the shoulder main groove, a shoulder land section on tire axially outer side of the shoulder main groove, and a middle land section bordered by the shoulder and center main grooves. The shoulder land section has a shoulder lug groove and a shoulder linked sipe connecting the end of the shoulder lug groove and the shoulder main groove, the middle land section has a middle lug groove and a middle linked sipe connecting the end of the middle lug groove and the center main groove, and the shoulder lug groove, the shoulder linked sipe and the middle lug groove are formed on an inclined curve extending smoothly from the tread edge in the axially inward direction, and the middle linked sipe is inclining in direction opposite with respect to the inclined curve.