Abstract: An adaptive self-centering device (ASCD) which uses one or more ratchet-pawl mechanisms. The hysteretic slip force of the ASCD preferably comes from a friction mechanism. The self-centering originates from the ratcheting of the pawl over the ratchet wheel and a self-centering device, in response to a force from an apparatus such as a spring. The nonlinear hardening of the apparatus, which conforms to the favorable adaptive behavior sought in modern day passive devices, stems from the mechanism of the lever within the apparatus that transforms the linear motion into rotatory motion.

Abstract: A size reduction apparatus and process for reducing the size of a heterogeneous or homogeneous article or articles using variable and interchangeable interior parts for varying article output size and an air handling system for introducing air and/or fluid into the process of size-reduction. The components of a heterogeneous article are separated and used to aid in the size-reduction process.