Abstract: A method includes providing a substrate having a surface such that a first hard mask layer is formed over the surface and a second hard mask layer is formed over the first hard mask layer, forming a first pattern in the second hard mask layer, where the first pattern includes a first mandrel oriented lengthwise in a first direction and a second mandrel oriented lengthwise in a second direction different from the first direction, and where the first mandrel has a top surface, a first sidewall, and a second sidewall opposite to the first sidewall, and depositing a material towards the first mandrel and the second mandrel such that a layer of the material is formed on the top surface and the first sidewall but not the second sidewall of the first mandrel.

Abstract: Methods of forming line-end extensions and devices having line-end extensions are provided. In some embodiments, a method includes forming a patterned photoresist on a first region of a hard mask layer. A line-end extension region is formed in the hard mask layer. The line-end extension region extends laterally outward from an end of the first region of the hard mask layer. The line-end extension region may be formed by changing a physical property of the hard mask layer at the line-end extension region.

Abstract: A backlight module includes a light guide plate, a light source, a first optical film, and a second optical film. The light source is disposed on one side of a light incident surface of the light guide plate. The first optical film is disposed between the light guide plate and the second optical film. An illumination beam from the light source has a first polarization component and a second polarization component perpendicular to the first polarization component. A ratio of the first polarization component to the second polarization component is greater than or equal to 1.2 and less than or equal to 10. The second optical film includes a substrate and a plurality of prism structures disposed between the substrate and the light guide plate. An included angle between an extending direction of the prism structures and the light incident surface is less than 5 degrees.

Abstract: A light guide device having a first surface and a second surface opposite to each other is provided. The first surface includes a plurality of light guide microstructures arranged in a first direction. Cross sections of at least one part of the light guide microstructures in the first direction are non-isosceles triangles. Herein, a distribution position of the light guide microstructures whose cross sections are non-isosceles triangles are symmetrical to a central axis of the light guide device in the first direction, and a maximum base angle of the cross section of each of the light guide microstructures is away from the central axis. A display apparatus including the light guide device is also provided. Through the light guide device and the display apparatus provided by the disclosure, light emission intensity of the display apparatus at a large viewing angle is improved.

Abstract: A backlight module includes a light guide plate, a light source, a first optical film, and a second optical film. The light source is disposed on one side of a light incident surface of the light guide plate. The first optical film is disposed between the light guide plate and the second optical film. An illumination beam from the light source has a first polarization component and a second polarization component perpendicular to the first polarization component. A ratio of the first polarization component to the second polarization component is greater than or equal to 1.2 and less than or equal to 10. The second optical film includes a substrate and a plurality of prism structures disposed between the substrate and the light guide plate. An included angle between an extending direction of the prism structures and the light incident surface is less than 5 degrees.

Abstract: A light guide device having a first surface and a second surface opposite to each other is provided. The first surface includes a plurality of light guide microstructures arranged in a first direction. Cross sections of at least one part of the light guide microstructures in the first direction are non-isosceles triangles. Herein, a distribution position of the light guide microstructures whose cross sections are non-isosceles triangles are symmetrical to a central axis of the light guide device in the first direction, and a maximum base angle of the cross section of each of the light guide microstructures is away from the central axis. A display apparatus including the light guide device is also provided. Through the light guide device and the display apparatus provided by the disclosure, light emission intensity of the display apparatus at a large viewing angle is improved.

Abstract: A display apparatus including a display panel and a light source module is provided. The display panel displays an image frame according to a light beam. The light source module provides the light beam to the display panel. The light source module includes a light emitting device, a lens module, a reflection device, and a light emitting surface. The light emitting device provides the light beam. The lens module is disposed in a transmission path of the light beam and adjusts the light beam to be focused or dispersed. The reflection device receives the light beam passing from the lens module and reflects the light beam to the light emitting surface. The lens module includes a lens disposed in the transmission path of the light beam and moves relative to the light emitting device to adjust a viewing angle of the light emitting surface.

Abstract: A backlight module includes a light guide plate, a plurality of light transmission elements and a light source. The light guide plate has at least one light incident surface, and the light transmission elements are disposed near the light incident surface and aligned to from at least one light transmission element row. The light source is disposed near one end of the light transmission element row and capable of emitting a light beam to the light transmission element row. Each of the light transmission elements reflects a part of the light beam to the light guide plate to form multiple independent light reflection paths, and the light transmission elements successively transmits a part of the light beam to form a light transmission path in the light transmission element row.

Abstract: A backlight module includes a light guide plate, a plurality of light transmission elements and a light source. The light guide plate has at least one light incident surface, and the light transmission elements are disposed near the light incident surface and aligned to from at least one light transmission element row. The light source is disposed near one end of the light transmission element row and capable of emitting a light beam to the light transmission element row. Each of the light transmission elements reflects a part of the light beam to the light guide plate to form multiple independent light reflection paths, and the light transmission elements successively transmits a part of the light beam to form a light transmission path in the light transmission element row.

Abstract: A display apparatus including a display panel and a light source module is provided. The display panel displays an image frame according to a light beam. The light source module provides the light beam to the display panel. The light source module includes a light emitting device, a lens module, a reflection device, and a light emitting surface. The light emitting device provides the light beam. The lens module is disposed in a transmission path of the light beam and adjusts the light beam to be focused or dispersed. The reflection device receives the light beam passing from the lens module and reflects the light beam to the light emitting surface. The lens module includes a lens disposed in the transmission path of the light beam and moves relative to the light emitting device to adjust a viewing angle of the light emitting surface.

Abstract: A projection apparatus including an illumination system, a light valve, and a projection lens is provided. The illumination system provides an illumination beam. The light valve is disposed on a transmission path of the illumination beam, and is used to convert the illumination beam into an image beam. The projection lens is disposed on a transmission path of the image beam and has a lens group, and the lens group includes a plurality of lenses. A lens of the lenses closest to the light valve has an optical axis, a first edge, and a second edge. The first edge and the second edge are located on opposite sides of the optical axis, and a ratio of a distance from the first edge to the optical axis and a distance from the second edge to the optical axis is greater than or equal to 0 and less than 1.

Abstract: A projection apparatus including a lamp, a light valve and a projection lens is provided. The light valve is disposed on a transmission path of an illumination beam from the lamp for converting the illumination beam into an image beam, and the projection lens is disposed on a transmission path of the image beam. The lamp includes a lampshade, a filament, a first connector, a second connector, a lead wire and a diffuser. The lampshade has a bottom and a light-emitting section opposite to the bottom. The filament is disposed inside the lampshade, the first connector is disposed at the bottom and electrically connected to the filament, the second connector is disposed on the lampshade adjacent to the light-emitting section, the lead wire is connected between the filament and the second connector, and at least a part of the diffuser is disposed between the lead wire and the light-emitting section.