Abstract: An optical signal detection system includes: a nonlinear converter that nonlinearly converts a plurality of first optical signals into a plurality of second optical signals, and also a third optical signal into a fourth optical signal; a spectrometer that obtains each of a plurality of first spectral data items from a different one of the plurality of second optical signals, and also a third spectral data item from the fourth optical signal; and a detection device that detects the third optical signal and outputs a detection result. The detection device includes: an analyzer that performs sparse principal component analysis on the plurality of first spectral data items to generate a plurality of second spectral data items; and a detector that compares the third spectral data item with each of the plurality of second spectral data items, and detects the third optical signal based on the result of the comparison.

Abstract: A flush toilet comprises a bowl portion including a rim portion and a shelf portion; a water discharge path for discharging waste; a water spouting portion for spouting flush water onto the shelf portion of the bowl portion to form a swirl flow; and a water conduit for supplying the flush water to the water spouting portion; wherein the bowl portion includes a front region and a rear region, and the rim portion of the bowl portion is such that a curvature radius in the front region is equal to or smaller than a curvature radius of the rear region, and wherein the water spouting portion is formed on either a left or right side in the front region and spouts the flush water toward a front of the rim portion.

Abstract: A flush toilet comprises a bowl portion including a waste receiving surface, a rim portion formed on the top edge portion thereof so that inner circumferential surface thereof rises essentially vertically, and a shelf portion formed between the rim portion and the waste receiving surface; a water spouting portion for spouting flush water onto the shelf portion to form a swirl flow; and a water conduit for supplying the flush water to the spouting portion. The water spouting portion is formed in the front region of the bowl portion, and a part of the inner circumferential surface of the rim portion is formed in an inward-facing overhanging shape; and the water spouting portion is covered by the overhanging part of the rim portion such that a user cannot observe the water spouting portion when viewing from diagonally forward and above the bowl portion.

Abstract: A flush toilet for discharging waste using flush water supplied from a flush water source is disclosed. The flush toilet comprises a bowl portion including a rim portion, and a shelf portion formed between the rim portion and a waste receiving surface; a water discharge path for discharging waste; a water spouting portion for spouting flush water onto the shelf portion of the bowl portion to form a swirl flow; and a water conduit for supplying flush water to the spouting portion. The water spouting portion is formed on the rim portion, and a first swirl trajectory of a first circulation and a second swirl trajectory of a second circulation are mutually different when flush water spouted from the water spouting portion swirls along the rim portion.

Abstract: A flush toilet has a reservoir tank, a toilet main unit, a water supply apparatus, a water discharge apparatus, and a control device for controlling flushing of the bowl portion of the toilet main unit; wherein this control device includes a time measurement device for measuring the time after the water discharge apparatus has been driven for a predetermined time to discharge flush water, until the water level rises from a dead water level inside the reservoir tank with the water discharge apparatus in an off state to a predetermined stopped water level prior to start of flush; and the driving time of the water discharge apparatus responsive to pressure losses in the toilet main unit is adjusted by comparing the water level rise time measured by the time measurement device with the water level rise time in a standard toilet.

Abstract: The flush toilet includes a bowl portion including a waste receiving surface, a rim portion and a shelf portion; a rim spouting portion disposed on the rim portion for spouting flush water onto the shelf portion to form a swirl flow on the waste receiving surface; a rim water conduit communicating with an opening portion formed in the lower region of the waste receiving surface of the bowl portion; wherein when flush water is supplied from the flush water source, the spouting of flush water supplied via the water conduit to the opening portion begins before the start of spouting of flush water supplied via the rim water conduit to the rim spouting portion.

Abstract: A flush toilet has a reservoir tank, a toilet main unit, a water supply apparatus, a water discharge apparatus, and a control device for controlling flushing of the bowl portion of the toilet main unit; wherein this control device includes a time measurement device for measuring the time after the water discharge apparatus has been driven for a predetermined time to discharge flush water, until the water level rises from a dead water level inside the reservoir tank with the water discharge apparatus in an off state to a predetermined stopped water level prior to start of flush; and the driving time of the water discharge apparatus responsive to pressure losses in the toilet main unit is adjusted by comparing the water level rise time measured by the time measurement device with the water level rise time in a standard toilet.

Abstract: A flush toilet includes a bowl portion having a waste receiving surface, a rim portion, spout portions for spouting flush water supplied from a reservoir tank into the bowl portion, and a water discharge trap pipe for discharging waste. The water discharge trap includes an inlet connected to a bottom of the bowl portion. The bowl portion waste receiving surface includes an upper waste receiving surface connected to the rim portion, and a concave portion connected between the upper waste receiving surface and the discharge trap pipe. The concave portion includes a bottom surface connected to the discharge trap pipe and is positioned below the upper waste receiving surface, and a wall surface connecting the bottom surface and a bottom edge portion of the upper waste receiving surface. A front region of this wall surface forms a sloped surface sloping on the inside from bottom to top.

Abstract: An object is to provide a Raman scattering light enhancing device that provides a sufficiently high Raman scattering light enhancing effect and produces a highly sensitive Raman signal even by using an excitation light source having a low energy density. This Raman scattering light enhancing device includes a substrate, a high reflection layer that is formed on the substrate, a dielectric layer that is formed on the high reflection layer, and an enhanced electromagnetic field formation layer that is formed on the dielectric layer and includes a large number of fine silver particles. A gold film is formed on surfaces of the fine silver particles constituting the enhanced electromagnetic field formation layer.

Abstract: A toilet including a bowl portion having a bowl-shaped waste receiving surface, a rim portion formed on the top edge portion thereof so that inner circumferential surface thereof rises essentially vertically, and a shelf portion formed between the rim portion and the waste receiving surface; a water spouting portion for spouting flush water onto the shelf portion of the bowl portion to form a swirl flow; and a water conduit for supplying the flush water to the spouting portion. The water spouting portion is formed in the front region of the bowl portion, and a part of the inner circumferential surface of the rim portion is formed in an inward-facing overhanging shape; and the water spouting portion is covered by the overhanging part of the rim portion such that a user cannot observe the water spouting portion when viewing from diagonally forward and above the bowl portion.

Abstract: A flush toilet for discharging waste using flush water supplied from a flush water supply source is disclosed. The flush toilet comprises a bowl portion including a bowl-shaped waste receiving surface, a rim portion and a shelf portion; a water discharge path for discharging waste; a water spouting portion for spouting flush water onto the shelf portion of the bowl portion to form a swirl flow; and a water conduit for supplying the flush water to the water spouting portion; wherein the bowl portion includes a front region and a rear region, and the rim portion of the bowl portion is such that the curvature radius in the front region is equal to or smaller than the curvature radius of the rear region, and wherein the water spouting portion is formed on either the left or right side in the front region of the rim portion and spouts the flush water toward the front of the rim portion.

Abstract: A flush toilet for discharging waste using flush water supplied from a flush water source, including a bowl portion having a bowl-shaped waste receiving surface, a rim portion a shelf portion; a rim spouting portion disposed on the rim portion for spouting flush water onto the shelf portion to form a swirl flow on the waste receiving surface; a rim water conduit, branching in the vicinity of the back surface side of the bowl portion from the shared water conduit, for supplying flush water to the rim spouting portion; and a jet water conduit branching in the vicinity of the rear surface side of the bowl portion from the shared water conduit, and communicating with an opening portion formed in the lower region of the waste receiving surface of the bowl portion.

Abstract: A flush toilet for discharging waste using flush water supplied from a flush water source, including a bowl portion having a bowl-shaped waste receiving surface, a rim portion formed on the top edge portion thereof, and a shelf portion formed between the rim portion and the waste receiving surface; a water discharge path for discharging waste, the path including an inlet which is connected at the bottom of the bowl portion; a water spouting portion for spouting flush water onto the shelf portion of the bowl portion to form a swirl flow; and a water conduit for supplying flush water to the spouting portion. The water spouting portion is formed on the rim portion, and a first swirl trajectory of a first circulation and a second swirl trajectory of a second circulation are mutually different when flush water spouted from the water spouting portion swirls along the rim portion.

Abstract: The flush toilet comprises: a bowl portion including a waste receiving surface and a rim portion; spout portions for spouting flush water supplied from a reservoir tank into the bowl portion; and a water discharge trap pipe for discharging waste, the inlet of which is connected to the bottom of the bowl portion; whereby the bowl portion waste receiving surface includes an upper waste receiving surface connected to the rim portion, and a concave portion connected between the upper waste receiving surface and the discharge trap pipe, the concave portion includes a bottom surface connected to the discharge trap pipe and positioned below the upper waste receiving surface and a wall surface connecting this bottom surface and the bottom edge portion of the upper waste receiving surface, and the front region of this wall surface forms a sloped surface sloping on the inside from bottom to top.