Abstract: A photolithography projection lens, having a plurality of lens elements and a light diaphragm arranged among them, arranged along an optical axis, and comprising an object side and an image side respectively arranged at the front and rear ends of the plurality of lens elements; wherein: the diopters of the two lenses respectively near the object side and the image side must be positive; each of the lens elements is a single lens without cement; the angle between the chief rays at different image height positions and the optical axis is <1 degree, and the angle between the chief rays at different object height positions and the optical axis is <1 degree; and under the projection of 350˜450 nm wavelength light, it provide the imaging effect of precise magnification.

Abstract: A sensing device is provided. The sensing device includes a processing circuit and a multi-sensor integrated single chip. The multi-sensor integrated single chip includes a substrate and a temperature sensor, a pressure sensor, and an environmental sensor disposed on the substrate. The temperature sensor senses temperature. The pressure sensor senses pressure. The environmental sensor senses an environmental state. The processing circuit obtains a first sensed temperature value from the temperature sensor when the environmental sensor does not operate, and it obtains a second sensed temperature value from the temperature sensor when the environmental sensor operates. The processing circuit obtains a sensed pressure value from the pressure sensor. The processing circuit obtains at least one temperature calibration reference of the pressure sensor according to the first and second sensed temperature values and calibrates the sensed pressure value according to the temperature calibration reference.

Abstract: A television signal receiving apparatus cooperating with a front-end circuit in a frequency division full-duplex satellite television system is provided. A digital-to-analog conversion circuit receives a request signal to be sent to the front-end circuit, and outputs an analog request signal. A multi-node low-pass filter has a first node, a second node and a third node. The first node is electrically coupled to an output end of the digital-to-analog conversion circuit. The third node is electrically coupled to the front-end circuit. The multi-node low-pass filter filters out high-frequency signals coupled from the first node and the third node to the second node, and further filters out high-frequency signals coupled from the first node to the third node. A command parsing circuit receives a filtered signal from the second node, and processes and parses the filtered signal.

Abstract: A symbol decision method includes: storing a look-up table (LUT) to a symbol decision circuit; receiving a first signal, and generating a coordinate signal set corresponding to the first signal according to the first signal, wherein the coordinate signal set is located in a first decision region; and reading the LUT according to the coordinate signal set to output a first symbol corresponding to the first signal, wherein the first symbol is a first constellation point corresponding to the first decision region.

Abstract: A receiving circuit capable of estimating frequency offset includes a front circuit and a calculation circuit. The front circuit receives a remote signal to generate a received signal. The calculation circuit includes: an exponentiation module, calculating an exponent of a power to generate a high-order signal; a frequency-domain transform module, performing frequency-domain transform on the high-order signal to generate a spectrum; a peak searching module, searching for a peak of the amplitude of the spectrum to generate a peak coordinate value reflecting a frequency where the peak occurs; an offset estimating module, adding the peak coordinate value with a compensation value to generate a sum, dividing the sum by a first divisor to generate a remainder, subtracting the compensation value from the remainder to generate a difference, and dividing the difference by a second divisor to generate an offset estimation value reflecting the frequency offset.

Abstract: A stereo-phonic frequency modulation receiver includes: a frequency modulation demodulation circuit, receiving a reception signal, and generating a demodulated signal according to the reception signal; a frequency-division demultiplexer, generating a sum signal, a difference signal and a pilot amplitude signal according to the demodulated signal; a dual sound channel separation circuit, generating a left-channel output signal and a right-channel output signal according to the sum signal and a weakened difference signal; and a weakening circuit, weakening the difference signal according to the pilot amplitude signal or a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) to generate the weakened difference signal.

Abstract: A bit allocation device includes: a channel estimation unit, performing a channel estimation to generate a plurality of channel qualities of a plurality of subcarriers; a processing unit, coupled to the channel estimation unit, generating a first plurality of bit numbers of the plurality of subcarriers according to the plurality of channel qualities; and a control unit, coupled to the processing unit, generating a second plurality of bit numbers of the plurality of subcarriers according to the first plurality of bit numbers and an upper limit of a total bit number.

Abstract: A signal detection method includes: retrieving a first period component of a signal and at least one second period component adjacent to the first period component; squaring a subtraction result of the first period component and each of the at least one second period component to calculate at least one first square value to further obtain a first detection parameter; squaring an addition result of the first period component and each of the at least one second period component to calculate at least one second square value to further obtain a second detection parameter; dividing the second detection parameter by the first detection parameter to obtain a detection function; determining that the signal is detected when the value of the detection function is greater than or equal to a threshold, or else determining that the signal is not detected.

Abstract: A frequency modulation receiver includes a frequency modulation demodulation circuit that generates a first signal, and a phase locked loop (PLL) circuit coupled to the frequency modulation demodulation circuit to receive the first signal. The PLL circuit includes: a voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO), generating an oscillation output signal according to a filtered output signal; a phase detector, coupled to the VCO, generating a phase signal according to the oscillation output signal and the first signal; and a proportional-integral-derivative (PID) filter, coupled to the VCO and the phase detector, receiving the phase signal and generating the filtered output signal to the VCO.

Abstract: A symbol decision method includes: storing a look-up table (LUT) to a symbol decision circuit; receiving a first signal, and generating a coordinate signal set corresponding to the first signal according to the first signal, wherein the coordinate signal set is located in a first decision region; and reading the LUT according to the coordinate signal set to output a first symbol corresponding to the first signal, wherein the first symbol is a first constellation point corresponding to the first decision region.

Abstract: An apparatus for estimating carrier frequency offset for multipath signals includes an echo signal filtering circuit, an Mth power circuit, a spectrum generating circuit, a peak frequency determining circuit and a frequency offset determining circuit. The echo signal filtering circuit filters out an echo signal from an input signal to generate a filtered signal. The Mth power circuit performs an Mth power calculation on the filtered signal to generate an Mth power calculation result. The spectrum generating circuit generates an Mth power spectrum according to the Mth power calculation result. The peak frequency determining circuit determines a peak frequency corresponding to an amplitude peak from the Mth power spectrum. The frequency offset determining circuit determines an estimated carrier frequency offset according to the peak frequency.

Abstract: An apparatus for estimating carrier frequency offset includes an Mth power circuit, a spectrum generating circuit, a peak frequency determining circuit and a frequency offset determining circuit. The Mth power circuit performs an Mth power calculation on an input signal to generate an Mth power calculation result. The spectrum generating circuit generates an Mth power spectrum according to the Mth power calculation result. The peak frequency determining circuit determines a peak frequency corresponding to an amplitude peak from the Mth power spectrum. The frequency offset determining circuit determines an estimated carrier frequency offset according to the peak frequency.

Abstract: A stereo-phonic frequency modulation receiver includes: a frequency modulation demodulation circuit, receiving a reception signal, and generating a demodulated signal according to the reception signal; a frequency-division demultiplexer, generating a sum signal, a difference signal and a pilot amplitude signal according to the demodulated signal; a dual sound channel separation circuit, generating a left-channel output signal and a right-channel output signal according to the sum signal and a weakened difference signal; and a weakening circuit, weakening the difference signal according to the pilot amplitude signal or a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) to generate the weakened difference signal.

Abstract: A frequency modulation receiver includes a frequency modulation demodulation circuit that generates a first signal, and a phase locked loop (PLL) circuit coupled to the frequency modulation demodulation circuit to receive the first signal. The PLL circuit includes: a voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO), generating an oscillation output signal according to a filtered output signal; a phase detector, coupled to the VCO, generating a phase signal according to the oscillation output signal and the first signal; and a proportional-integral-derivative (PID) filter, coupled to the VCO and the phase detector, receiving the phase signal and generating the filtered output signal to the VCO.

Abstract: A signal receiver with adaptive software information adjustment of a communication system is provided. The signal receiver receives a modulated signal comprising a plurality of packets, and includes: a demodulating circuit, configured to demodulate the modulated signal to generate a plurality of sets of soft information corresponding to each packet; a software information adjusting circuit, coupled to the demodulating circuit, configured to adjust the sets of soft information according to a distribution of the sets of soft information corresponding to each packet; a quantizer, coupled to the soft information adjusting circuit, configured to quantize the adjusted sets of soft information to generate a plurality of sets of data; and a decoder, coupled to the quantizer, configured to decode the data.

Abstract: A receiving circuit capable of estimating frequency offset includes a front circuit and a calculation circuit. The front circuit receives a remote signal to generate a received signal. The calculation circuit includes: an exponentiation module, calculating an exponent of a power to generate a high-order signal; a frequency-domain transform module, performing frequency-domain transform on the high-order signal to generate a spectrum; a peak searching module, searching for a peak of the amplitude of the spectrum to generate a peak coordinate value reflecting a frequency where the peak occurs; an offset estimating module, adding the peak coordinate value with a compensation value to generate a sum, dividing the sum by a first divisor to generate a remainder, subtracting the compensation value from the remainder to generate a difference, and dividing the difference by a second divisor to generate an offset estimation value reflecting the frequency offset.

Abstract: An apparatus for estimating carrier frequency offset includes an Mth power circuit, a spectrum generating circuit, a peak frequency determining circuit and a frequency offset determining circuit. The Mth power circuit performs an Mth power calculation on an input signal to generate an Mth power calculation result. The spectrum generating circuit generates an Mth power spectrum according to the Mth power calculation result. The peak frequency determining circuit determines a peak frequency corresponding to an amplitude peak from the Mth power spectrum. The frequency offset determining circuit determines an estimated carrier frequency offset according to the peak frequency.

Abstract: An apparatus for estimating carrier frequency offset for multipath signals includes an echo signal filtering circuit, an Mth power circuit, a spectrum generating circuit, a peak frequency determining circuit and a frequency offset determining circuit. The echo signal filtering circuit filters out an echo signal from an input signal to generate a filtered signal. The Mth power circuit performs an Mth power calculation on the filtered signal to generate an Mth power calculation result. The spectrum generating circuit generates an Mth power spectrum according to the Mth power calculation result. The peak frequency determining circuit determines a peak frequency corresponding to an amplitude peak from the Mth power spectrum. The frequency offset determining circuit determines an estimated carrier frequency offset according to the peak frequency.

Abstract: A bit allocation device includes: a channel estimation unit, performing a channel estimation to generate a plurality of channel qualities of a plurality of subcarriers; a processing unit, coupled to the channel estimation unit, generating a first plurality of bit numbers of the plurality of subcarriers according to the plurality of channel qualities; and a control unit, coupled to the processing unit, generating a second plurality of bit numbers of the plurality of subcarriers according to the first plurality of bit numbers and an upper limit of a total bit number.

Abstract: A signal detection method includes: retrieving a first period component of a signal and at least one second period component adjacent to the first period component; squaring a subtraction result of the first period component and each of the at least one second period component to calculate at least one first square value to further obtain a first detection parameter; squaring an addition result of the first period component and each of the at least one second period component to calculate at least one second square value to further obtain a second detection parameter; dividing the second detection parameter by the first detection parameter to obtain a detection function; determining that the signal is detected when the value of the detection function is greater than or equal to a threshold, or else determining that the signal is not detected.