Abstract: A signal decision equalization method and apparatus are provided. The method includes: obtaining an input signal; determining a decision circuit of the input signal; obtaining a first group of decision thresholds and a first group of equalization expectations of the decision circuit; determining a decision value of the input signal based on the first group of equalization expectations, the first group of decision thresholds, and the input signal, and outputting the decision value; updating, based on the decision value and the input signal, a first equalization expectation that is in the first group of equalization expectations and that corresponds to the decision value to a second equalization expectation to obtain a second group of equalization expectations; and updating at least one decision threshold in the first group of decision thresholds based on the second equalization expectation to obtain a second group of decision thresholds.

Abstract: A data transmission method and a network device are provided. The method includes: obtaining a to-be-transmitted first MAC packet; obtaining a first data control subframe by using field space of a first field of the first MAC packet, and obtaining a first target data subframe based on a second field of the first MAC packet, where the first data control subframe includes a sequence number of the first target data subframe; and transmitting a first frame including the first data control subframe and the first target data subframe to a target network device. A source network device uses space of the first field to generate the first data control subframe used for retransmission control.

Abstract: A method for cyclic code encoding includes: generating, based on a first symbol sequence related to a first part of symbols in the K payload symbols, a first parity sequence corresponding to the first symbol sequence; generating, based on a second symbol sequence related to a second part of symbols in the K payload symbols, a second parity sequence corresponding to the second symbol sequence, where the first part of symbols are different from the second part of symbols; and generating the (N?K) parity symbols based on the first parity sequence and the second parity sequence.

Abstract: This application discloses example data encoding methods, data decoding methods, and communication apparatuses. One example data encoding method includes generating M encoding units and distributing the M encoding units to N transmission channels. The M encoding units are obtained by encoding L frames. The M encoding units include at least one first-type unit. A first-type unit of the at least one first-type unit includes a first identifier. The first identifier indicates a start location that is in the first-type unit and that is of a frame header of a first frame in the L frames. M, N, and L are integers greater than or equal to 1.

Abstract: A detection method includes: obtaining a decision feedback equalizer coefficient, where the decision feedback equalizer coefficient includes a tap coefficient; obtaining a decision signal sequence of a decision feedback equalizer; determining a first location of a decision signal of a start of burst error in the decision signal sequence when the tap coefficient is less than or equal to a first preset threshold; and determining a second location of a decision signal of an end of burst error in the decision signal sequence based on the first location.

Abstract: A data transmission method, apparatus, and system are applied to the field of communication technologies. The method includes: performing demultiplexing processing on obtained y first data streams to obtain x second data streams, where the y first data streams are obtained through bit multiplexing processing; mapping the x second data streams at a granularity of n bits to obtain z third data streams; and outputting the z third data streams over an output lane, where y, x, n, and z are all positive integers, and n?2. The method may be applied to an Ethernet high-speed interface.

Abstract: A sending method, a receiving method, an apparatus, a system, a device, and a storage medium. The receiving method includes: obtaining an encoded data block, where the encoded data block includes a plurality of data blocks, a plurality of first parity bits, and an FEC parity bit, the plurality of first parity bits are in one-to-one correspondence with the plurality of data blocks, and the FEC parity bit corresponds to the plurality of data blocks; and then checking the corresponding data blocks based on the plurality of first parity bits and/or the FEC parity bit, to obtain a decoding result of the encoded data block.

Abstract: A data transmission method, apparatus, and system are applied to the field of communication technologies. The method includes: performing demultiplexing processing on obtained y first data streams to obtain x second data streams, where the y first data streams are obtained through bit multiplexing processing; mapping the x second data streams at a granularity of n bits to obtain z third data streams; and outputting the z third data streams over an output lane, where y, x, n, and z are all positive integers, and n?2. The method may be applied to an Ethernet high-speed interface.

Abstract: A transmission system includes a sending apparatus and N signal channels, where N?2, and N is an integer. The sending apparatus includes a first apparatus, and the first apparatus is configured to: obtain N to-be-transmitted signals and an encoding coefficient group, where the N to-be-transmitted signals are represented as an N×1 signal matrix X, and the encoding coefficient group is represented as an N×N orthogonal encoding matrix T; process the N to-be-transmitted signals based on the encoding coefficient group to generate N encoded first signals, where the N encoded first signals are represented as a signal matrix Y; and send the N encoded first signals to the N signal channels, where a signal on each signal channel corresponds to an element in a row of the signal matrix Y.

Abstract: A signal decision equalization method and apparatus are provided. The method includes: obtaining an input signal; determining a decision circuit of the input signal; obtaining a first group of decision thresholds and a first group of equalization expectations of the decision circuit; determining a decision value of the input signal based on the first group of equalization expectations, the first group of decision thresholds, and the input signal, and outputting the decision value; updating, based on the decision value and the input signal, a first equalization expectation that is in the first group of equalization expectations and that corresponds to the decision value to a second equalization expectation to obtain a second group of equalization expectations; and updating at least one decision threshold in the first group of decision thresholds based on the second equalization expectation to obtain a second group of decision thresholds.

Abstract: A data transmission method, apparatus, and system are applied to the field of communication technologies. The method includes: performing demultiplexing processing on obtained y first data streams to obtain x second data streams, where the y first data streams are obtained through bit multiplexing processing; mapping the x second data streams at a granularity of n bits to obtain z third data streams; and outputting the z third data streams over an output lane, where y, x, n, and z are all positive integers, and n?2. The method may be applied to an Ethernet high-speed interface.

Abstract: According to embodiments of the present disclosure, a method and a chip for cyclic code encoding, a circuit component, and an electronic device are provided. The method includes: generating, based on a first symbol sequence related to a first part of symbols in the K payload symbols, a first parity sequence corresponding to the first symbol sequence; generating, based on a second symbol sequence related to a second part of symbols in the K payload symbols, a second parity sequence corresponding to the second symbol sequence, where the first part of symbols are different from the second part of symbols; generating the (N?K) parity symbols based on the first parity sequence and the second parity sequence.

Abstract: A data transmission method is performed by a first node, and the first node includes X encoding units that perform encoding in a first FEC mode. The method includes: first dividing, by the first node, to-be-encoded data into X groups of initial data, and encoding the X groups of initial data one by one by using the X encoding units, to obtain X groups of encoded data; and then distributing, by the first node, the X groups of encoded data to L links, to send the X groups of encoded data to a second node. Both X×N and X×K are integer multiples of L, N represents a length of a codeword of the first FEC mode, K represents a length of valid information bits in the codeword, and amounts of encoded data distributed to different links are the same.

Abstract: Embodiments of this application provide a balance-unbalance conversion apparatus. The apparatus includes an insulation substrate, a first microstrip, a second microstrip, and a conductive ground. The first microstrip includes a first balance signal connection section, a first impedance matching section, and an unbalance signal connecting section. The unbalance signal connecting section is configured to transmit an unbalance signal. The second microstrip includes a second balance signal connecting section, a second impedance matching section, and a ground section. The second balance signal connecting section is configured to transmit a second component of the balance signal. The ground section is configured to connect to a ground signal. The first microstrip, the second microstrip, and the conductive ground are all disposed on the insulation substrate, and a cross-sectional area of at least a part of the first microstrip and/or at least a part of the second microstrip is gradient.

Abstract: This application discloses example data encoding methods, data decoding methods, and communication apparatuses. One example data encoding method includes generating M encoding units and distributing the M encoding units to N transmission channels. The M encoding units are obtained by encoding L frames. The M encoding units include at least one first-type unit. A first-type unit of the at least one first-type unit includes a first identifier. The first identifier indicates a start location that is in the first-type unit and that is of a frame header of a first frame in the L frames. M, N, and L are integers greater than or equal to 1.

Abstract: This disclosure provides a retransmission method and a communication apparatus, applicable to a wireless or wired communication system. One example method includes: After receiving a signal from a second device, a first device performs first decoding on the signal, then determines whether an error occurs in the signal and a first quantity, and determines, based on a relationship between the first quantity and a first threshold, whether to request the second device to send a first data block, where the first quantity is a quantity of errors that occur in the signal received from the second device, the signal is used to transmit the first data block, and the first threshold is a maximum quantity of errors that can be corrected when the first device decodes the first data block.

Abstract: A data transmission method and a network device are provided. The method includes: obtaining a to-be-transmitted first MAC packet; obtaining a first data control subframe by using field space of a first field of the first MAC packet, and obtaining a first target data subframe based on a second field of the first MAC packet, where the first data control subframe includes a sequence number of the first target data subframe; and transmitting a first frame including the first data control subframe and the first target data subframe to a target network device. A source network device uses space of the first field to generate the first data control subframe used for retransmission control.

Abstract: Embodiments of this application disclose an encoding method and a related device. The method includes: receiving a to-be-encoded code block whose length is L, where L is a positive integer; and encoding the to-be-encoded code block to obtain a forward error correction FEC code, where a valid information length K of the FEC code is an integer multiple of a largest prime factor of L, and a total length N of the FEC code is a sum of K and a product of 2 and an error correction capability T of the FEC code. According to the embodiments of this application, it can be ensured that an FEC codeword satisfies a requirement for a low latency and a high gain.

Abstract: Embodiments of this application disclose example phase detection methods, phase detection circuits, and clock recovery apparatuses. One example method includes receiving a first signal and deciding a (2M?1) level of the first signal to obtain a decision result, where the first signal is a (2M?1)-level signal, and M is a positive integer. A response amplitude parameter of a transmission channel can then be obtained. Clock phase information in the first signal can then be extracted based on the first signal, the decision result, and the response amplitude parameter. Output clock phase information can then be determined based on at least three decision results and at least three pieces of clock phase information in at least three symbol periods.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and apparatus for error correction are provided. In one aspect, an error correction method includes: obtaining an output signal and an amplitude value of a feed forward equalizer (FFE), the amplitude value being a channel response amplitude value corresponding to an equivalent channel of the FFE, performing level decision on the output signal based on the amplitude value to obtain a first decision signal including (2M?1) decision symbols, M being an integer not less than 2, performing (1/(1+D)) decoding on the first decision signal to obtain a first decoded signal, determining a second decision signal based on the first decoded signal, the second decision signal including (M?1) decision symbols, determining that a burst error occurs in the second decision signal if an absolute value of the second decision signal is greater than (M?1), and correcting the burst error in the second decision signal.