Abstract: Embodiments of this application provide a packet sending method and a device, to improve packet transmission efficiency. The method includes: A first network device receives a first packet from a second network device, where the first packet includes information about a first forwarding path, and the first forwarding path is a forwarding path for sending the first packet from the second network device to the first network device. The first network device obtains information about a second forwarding path based on the information about the first forwarding path, where the second forwarding path is a reverse path of the first forwarding path. The first network device sends a second packet to the second network device through the second forwarding path, where the second packet carries the information about the second forwarding path.

Abstract: A network performance measurement method includes a first network device that sends a first active measurement protocol packet to a second network device, where the first active measurement protocol packet includes measurement indication information, where the measurement indication information indicates a measurement device on a forward path to measure network performance. The forward path is a forwarding path of the first active measurement protocol packet, and the first network device and the second network device are two ends of the forward path, and the measurement device on the forward path includes at least one intermediate device on the forward path.

Abstract: A method to perform operations, administrative, and maintenance (OAM) includes a controller generating a policy configuration packet, where the policy configuration packet includes OAM configuration information and information about a first path, and the information about the first path is used to identify the first path. The controller sends the policy configuration packet to a head node of the first path, where the policy configuration packet is used to indicate the head node to perform OAM on the first path based on the OAM configuration information.

Abstract: An operation, administration, and maintenance (OAM) method includes a first network device determines OAM configuration information of a target application, where the OAM configuration information includes an OAM measurement manner, and the first network device forwards the OAM configuration information to a second network device.

Abstract: A path detection method includes a source node that sends a first detection packet including multipath detection indication information and detection data collection indication information, to detect a plurality of paths from the source node to a destination node. A first node directly sends the first detection packet including the multipath detection indication information and the detection data collection indication information to a next-hop node such that the next-hop node of the first node collects detection data in a manner of the first node and no path from the source node to the destination node is missed.

Abstract: Embodiments of this application provide a packet processing method and apparatus, and a communications device. The method includes the following operations: After obtaining first network cost information of a received first packet, a network device may determine a first queue for the first packet based on the first network cost information, and buffer the first packet to the first queue, where the first network cost information is used to indicate a cost for transmitting the first packet to an egress node. Therefore, the network device considers costs for transmitting packets to the egress node, divides queues based on values of the costs that are indicated, and performs differentiated enqueuing operations on the received packets considering the values of the costs.

Abstract: A network device obtains, from a transaction queue, a plurality of transactions that do not conflict with each other, and performs reverse shallow copying in parallel for the transactions that do not conflict, to generate a plurality of temporary trees corresponding to the plurality of transactions. Because the plurality of transactions does not conflict with each other, processing the transactions in parallel can ensure accurate and proper transaction processing. In addition, generating the temporary trees in a reverse shallow copying manner can effectively reduce consumption of time and memory. Further, processing of the plurality of transactions is implemented by merging the plurality of temporary trees.

Abstract: A distributed cluster system includes at least a first node, a second node, and a third node, where the first node and the second node have a latest log before a fault occurs, but the third node does not have the latest log before the fault occurs. A fault rectification method includes: setting, by the first node after the first node restarts due to the fault, a voting status of the first node to Voting Not Allowed, where the voting status is used to indicate whether the first node can vote in a process in which the distributed cluster system elects a leader; receiving a replicated-log-entry message from the second node; and setting the voting status of the first node to Voting Allowed, where the second node is a leader.

Abstract: A solution for obtaining an interior gateway protocol IGP domain through division in a network is provided. The network includes an access site link and a non-access site link. The access site link includes a link between access site devices and a link between an access site device and an aggregation site device. The non-access site link includes a link other than the access site link in the network. In this solution, a network device determines a changed access site subgraph based on a change of a network topology of the network, and obtains an IGP domain through division based on a link in the changed access site subgraph. The access site subgraph is one or more connection diagrams formed after the non-access site link is removed from the network topology. This solution can improve efficiency of IGP domain division.

Abstract: A distributed cluster system includes at least a first node, a second node, and a third node, where the first node and the second node have a latest log before a fault occurs, but the third node does not have the latest log before the fault occurs. A fault rectification method includes: setting, by the first node after the first node restarts due to the fault, a voting status of the first node to Voting Not Allowed, where the voting status is used to indicate whether the first node can vote in a process in which the distributed cluster system elects a leader; receiving a replicated-log-entry message from the second node; and setting the voting status of the first node to Voting Allowed, where the second node is a leader.

Abstract: A network device obtains, from a transaction queue, a plurality of transactions that do not conflict with each other, and performs reverse shallow copying in parallel for the transactions that do not conflict, to generate a plurality of temporary trees corresponding to the plurality of transactions. Because the plurality of transactions does not conflict with each other, processing the transactions in parallel can ensure accurate and proper transaction processing. In addition, generating the temporary trees in a reverse shallow copying manner can effectively reduce consumption of time and memory. Further, processing of the plurality of transactions is implemented by merging the plurality of temporary trees.