Abstract: A process cartridge is configured such that a movement direction of a surface of a developing roller is opposite to a movement direction of a surface of a toner supplying roller in a position where the developing roller is in contact with the toner supplying roller, the developing roller and the toner supplying roller rotate to satisfy a peripheral speed ratio R of 1.1 to 2.5, and a toner satisfying predetermined requirements is used.

Abstract: The process cartridge is configured such that a toner flow path formed of an inner wall of the developing chamber and the surface of the toner supplying roller is formed upstream of the toner supplying roller in a rotation direction with respect to the position where the developing roller is in contact with the toner supplying roller, a closest distance between the inner wall of the developing chamber and the surface of the toner supplying roller in the toner flow path is 1.0 mm or greater and 5.0 mm or less, a peripheral speed ratio R between the developing roller and the toner supplying roller satisfies a range of 1.1 to 2.5, and a toner satisfying a predetermined requirement is used.

Abstract: The process cartridge includes a developing roller, a toner supplying roller, a toner regulating member, and a toner, a movement direction of a surface of the developing roller is opposite to a movement direction of a surface of the toner supplying roller in a position where the surface of the developing roller is in contact with the surface of the toner supplying roller, the developing roller and the toner supplying roller are formed such that a peripheral speed ratio R satisfies a range of 1.1 to 2.5, and the toner satisfying predetermined requirements is used.

Abstract: A toner comprising: a toner particle comprising a binder resin and an ester wax; and an external additive, wherein the binder resin comprises a polyester resin comprising a dodecenylsuccinic acid unit, a molecular weight of the ester wax is at least 650, the external additive comprises a needle-shaped inorganic particle, a number-average value of minor diameter of the needle-shaped inorganic particle is at least 10 nm, a number-average value of aspect ratio of the needle-shaped inorganic particle is at least 5, and X and Y satisfy the following Formula (1), where X (mass %) is a content of the dodecenylsuccinic acid unit based on a mass of the toner particle and Y (mass %) is a content of the ester wax based on the mass of the toner particle, 0.25 ? Y / X ? 4 . 0 0.

Abstract: A toner having a toner particle including a binder resin, wherein the toner particle includes a compound A having a specific polyether structure and an ester wax, the binder resin includes a polyester resin, the polyester resin has a monomer unit corresponding to dodecenylsuccinic acid, and the ester wax has an SP value (cal/cm3)0.5 of 8.70 to 9.00.

Abstract: The toner comprising a toner particle comprising a binder resin and a wax, the binder resin comprises a polyester resin; the wax comprises a hydrocarbon wax and an ester wax; the ester wax comprises at least one compound selected from the group consisting of monoester compounds and diester compounds; the polyester resin comprises a polyester resin A comprising a specific amounts of a monomer unit corresponding to isophthalic acid and a monomer unit corresponding to dodecenylsuccinic acid; and the value of W1/W2, which is the ratio of the content WI of the hydrocarbon wax to the content W2 of the ester wax, is 0.15 to 0.80.

Abstract: The process cartridge includes a developing roller, a toner supplying roller, a toner regulating member, and a toner, a movement direction of a surface of the developing roller is opposite to a movement direction of a surface of the toner supplying roller in a position where the surface of the developing roller is in contact with the surface of the toner supplying roller, the developing roller and the toner supplying roller are formed such that a peripheral speed ratio R satisfies a range of 1.1 to 2.5, and the toner satisfying predetermined requirements is used.

Abstract: The process cartridge is configured such that a toner flow path formed of an inner wall of the developing chamber and the surface of the toner supplying roller is formed upstream of the toner supplying roller in a rotation direction with respect to the position where the developing roller is in contact with the toner supplying roller, a closest distance between the inner wall of the developing chamber and the surface of the toner supplying roller in the toner flow path is 1.0 mm or greater and 5.0 mm or less, a peripheral speed ratio R between the developing roller and the toner supplying roller satisfies a range of 1.1 to 2.5, and a toner satisfying a predetermined requirement is used.

Abstract: A process cartridge is configured such that a movement direction of a surface of a developing roller is opposite to a movement direction of a surface of a toner supplying roller in a position where the developing roller is in contact with the toner supplying roller, the developing roller and the toner supplying roller rotate to satisfy a peripheral speed ratio R of 1.1 to 2.5, and a toner satisfying predetermined requirements is used.

Abstract: The powder adhesive comprises a thermoplastic resin and particles of an aromatic compound, wherein the particles of an aromatic compound are particles of a compound that has an aromatic ring and an azo bond bonded to the aromatic ring, or are particles of a compound comprising a heteroaromatic ring comprising nitrogen atom; the thermoplastic resin comprises an ester group; and, designating Es (mmol/g) as an ester group concentration in the thermoplastic resin, M (mass %) as a content of the aromatic compound particles in the powder adhesive, and N (mmol/g) as a nitrogen atom concentration in the aromatic compound particles, Es is from 1.0 mmol/g to 4.5 mmol/g, M is from 1.0×10?4 mass % to 1.0×100 mass %, and N is from 5.0 mmol/g to 15.0 mmol/g.

Abstract: An electrophotographic developer set comprising a toner, and a powder adhesive, wherein the powder adhesive comprises a crystalline polyester resin, and a thermoplastic resin other than the crystalline polyester resin; the amount of the crystalline polyester resin in the powder adhesive is 21% by mass or more; the melting point of the crystalline polyester resin is 55° C. to 100° C.; in a viscoelasticity measurement, where Gt?(100) denotes a storage elastic modulus of the toner at 100° C. and Gb?(100) denotes a storage elastic modulus of the powder adhesive at 100° C., Gb?(100) is 1.0×105 Pa or less and Gt?(100)/Gb?(100) is 1.2 or more.

Abstract: A production method of a toner having a toner particle that contains a binder resin and an external additive that is externally added to the toner particle, wherein the production method has a toner particle dispersion step of obtaining a toner particle dispersion by dispersing the toner particle and an inorganic dispersant in an aqueous medium; and an external addition step of externally adding the external additive to the toner particle through addition of the external additive to the toner particle dispersion.

Abstract: An electrophotographic developer set comprising a toner comprising a thermoplastic resin and a wax, and a powder adhesive comprising a thermoplastic resin and a wax, wherein where Ea (mmol/g) denotes an ester group concentration of the wax contained in the toner, Na (mass %) denotes a content of the wax in the toner, Eb (mmol/g) denotes an ester group concentration of the wax contained in the powder adhesive, and Nb (mass %) denotes a content of the wax in the powder adhesive, the Ea, the Na, the Eb and the Nb satisfy the following formulae: 0.00?Ea?2.45, 2.50?Eb?3.60, and 0.80?Nb/Na.

Abstract: A hot-melt adhesive comprising a thermoplastic resin and a first crystalline material, wherein when in differential scanning calorimetric measurement of the hot-melt adhesive, Tc (° C.) is a peak temperature of the highest peak of exothermic peaks observed in a temperature reduction process at 10° C./min following heating to 150° C. and Tm (° C.) is a peak temperature of the highest peak of endothermic peaks observed in a temperature increasing process at 10° C./min following the temperature reduction process, Tm?Tc is 20.0 to 70.0° C., and a tetrahydrofuran-soluble matter of the hot-melt adhesive has a weight-average molecular weight Mw, as measured by gel permeation chromatography, of 100,000 to 400,000.

Abstract: A toner comprising a toner particle, the toner particle comprising a resin, wherein, where a chloroform-soluble component of the resin is analyzed by gradient LC analysis using acetonitrile as a poor solvent and chloroform as a good solvent for the chloroform-soluble component of the resin, a peak detected in a range of a ratio of chloroform in the mobile phase of 50.0 to 75.0% by volume and a peak detected in a range of a ratio of chloroform in the mobile phase of 75.0 to 95.0% by volume satisfy a specific relationship.

Abstract: A toner comprising a toner particle, the toner particle comprises a binder resin. The binder resin comprises an amorphous resin A and a crystalline resin C. T1, T2 and T3 satisfy specific relationships, where, in a viscoelasticity measurement of the toner, T1 (° C.) represents a temperature at which a storage elastic modulus G? is 3.0×107 Pa, T2 (° C.) represents temperature at which the storage elastic modulus G? is 1.0×107 Pa, and T3 (° C.) represents a temperature at which the storage elastic modulus G? is 3.0×106 Pa. A storage elastic modulus G? (100) at 100° C. is in a specific range. In an observation of a cross section of the toner, a matrix-domain structure having a matrix by the crystalline resin C and domains by the amorphous resin A is observed, an area ratio and a number-basis average surface area of the domains are in specific ranges.

Abstract: A magnetic toner comprising a toner particle, the toner particle comprising a magnetic body, a crystalline resin A, and an amorphous resin B. The crystalline resin A has a monomer unit (a). The amorphous resin B has a monomer unit (b). A content of the crystalline resin A in the toner is 6.2 to 77.0 mass %. The sum of contents of the crystalline resin A and the amorphous resin B in the toner is 30.0 mass % or more. A content of the monomer unit (a) in the crystalline resin A is 50.0 to 100.0 mass %. Using SPA [(J/cm3)0.5] for a SP value of the crystalline resin A and using SPB [(J/cm3)0.5] for a SP value of the amorphous resin B, SPA and SPB satisfy 0.15?SPB?SPA?2.00.

Abstract: A nonmagnetic toner comprises a nonmagnetic toner particle. The nonmagnetic toner particle comprises a crystalline resin A, an amorphous resin B, and a colorant. The crystalline resin A has a monomer unit (a). the amorphous resin B has a monomer unit (b). A content of the crystalline resin A in the nonmagnetic toner is 10.0 to 58.0 mass %. The sum of the contents of the crystalline resin A and the amorphous resin B in the nonmagnetic toner is 65.0 mass % or more. A content of the monomer unit (a) in the crystalline resin A is 50.0 to 100.0 mass %. Using SPA [(J/cm3)0.5] for a SP value of the crystalline resin A and using SPB [(J/cm3)0.5] for a SP value of the amorphous resin B, SPA and SPB satisfy 0.15?SPB?SPA?2.00.

Abstract: A toner comprising a toner particle, the toner particle comprising a binder resin, wherein T1, T2, T3, tan ?(T2), and tan ?(T2?10) satisfy expressions (1) to (4): T3?T1?10 ??(1) 50?T2?70 ??(2) 0.30?tan ?(T2)?1.00 ??(3) 1.00?tan ?(T2)/tan ?(T2?10)?1.90 ??(4). Where, in measurement of viscoelasticity of the toner, T1(° C.) represents a temperature at which a storage elastic modulus G? is 3.0×107 Pa, T2(° C.) represents a temperature at which the storage elastic modulus G? is 1.0×107 Pa, T3(° C.) represents a temperature at which the storage elastic modulus G? is 3.0×106 Pa, tan ?(T2) represents a ratio (tan ?) of a loss elastic modulus G? to the storage elastic modulus G? at the temperature T2(° C.), and tan ?(T2?10) represents the ratio (tan ?) at a temperature: T2?10(° C.).

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a microchannel device that has a channel sandwiched between channel walls formed in an inside of a porous substrate, wherein the channel wall contains a thermoplastic resin and a colorant, and wherein an abundance ratio of the colorant is higher in the porous substrate surface area of the channel wall than in an internal area of the channel wall. In the configuration of the present disclosure, since more of the colorant exist on the surface side of the porous substrate in the channel wall, the visibility of the channel is increased, and in addition, since the amount of the colorant in the internal portion of the channel wall is small, the elution of the ions contained in the colorant into the specimen is suppressed, and the measurement accuracy is increased.