Abstract: A CO2 mass estimation system includes: an acquisition element acquiring detected values in accordance with concentrations of oxygen, H2O, and CO2 contained in an engine exhaust gas output from a gas sensor; a setting element setting an air-fuel ratio of a mixture; and a calculation element calculating the mass of CO2 contained in the exhaust gas, wherein the calculation element calculates the concentrations of oxygen, H2O, and CO2 contained in the exhaust gas based on the sensor detected values, acquires concentrations of oxygen and H2O in air and the air-fuel ratio, calculates a composition ratio of at least C atoms contained in fuel based on the concentrations in the exhaust gas, the concentrations in the air, and the air-fuel ratio, and estimates the mass of CO2 contained in the exhaust gas based on the composition ratio and the amount of injection of the fuel into the engine.

Abstract: A sensor element includes first to third chambers communicating sequentially from a gas inlet, voltages are intermittently applied across inner electrodes facing the respective chambers and a reference pump electrode to perform pumping of oxygen between a measurement gas and the reference pump electrode being in contact with a reference gas, thereby to reduce H2O and CO2 in the measurement gas into H2 and CO in the first chamber, to oxidize H2 into H2O in the second chamber, to oxidize CO into CO2 in the third chamber, and to identify a concentration of H2O and a concentration of CO2 based on a pumping-in current at the time when electromotive force between an inner electrode and the reference pump electrode during non-application of a voltage is maintained at a target value.

Abstract: A sub adjustment pump cell pumps out oxygen from a measurement gas introduced into a sub adjustment chamber to the extent that H2O and CO2 contained in the measurement gas are not decomposed, a first pump cell pumps out oxygen from a first chamber so that substantially all of H2O and CO2 contained in the measurement gas introduced from the sub adjustment chamber into the first chamber are decomposed, concentrations of H2O and CO2 are identified from a pump-in current when H2 and CO generated by decomposition are oxidized in the second chamber and the third chamber, and a concentration of oxygen contained in the measurement gas is identified based on a magnitude of a current flowing between a sub adjustment inner electrode and an outer electrode at the time when the sub adjustment pump cell pumps out oxygen from the sub adjustment chamber.

Abstract: A gas sensor includes a sensor element including an element body, a first electrode, a second electrode, and a heater; a voltage acquisition section that acquires a voltage between the first electrode and the second electrode; a heater power supply; an external common lead that serves as both at least part of an electric circuit used to acquire the voltage by providing electrical continuity between the first electrode and the voltage acquisition section and at least part of an electric circuit used to supply an electric power from the heater power supply to the heater and that is disposed outside the sensor element; and a correction section that derives a value of a voltage drop in the external common lead in accordance with a heater current and that corrects the voltage acquired by the voltage acquisition section in accordance with the derived value of the voltage drop.

Abstract: A first gas sensor having a first sensor element includes a first protective cover that protects the first sensor element, and a second gas sensor having a second sensor element includes a second protective cover that protects the second sensor element. The first protective cover is coated with an oxidation catalyst for one target component from among a plurality of target components, and the second protective cover is coated with an inert catalyst for the one target component.

Abstract: In a gas sensor, which measures a measurement pump current Ip3 of a measurement chamber, while switching a preliminary pump cell of a preliminary chamber ON or OFF at a constant period, there are formed in communication with each other sequentially from a gas introduction port in the interior of a structural body made from a solid electrolyte, a preliminary chamber, an oxygen concentration adjustment chamber, and a measurement chamber. The gas sensor rapidly determines a steady-state value of a measurement pump current Ip3, based on a peak value of a rate of change over time dIp3/dt of the measurement pump current Ip3, thereby hastening an ON/OFF switching period of the preliminary pump cell.

Abstract: A gas sensor system is equipped with a first gas detection unit, and a second gas detection unit. The first and second gas detection units include a gas introduction port for introducing a gas to be measured, a measurement chamber communicating with the gas introduction port, a conversion medium (NH3 oxidation catalyst) arranged between the gas introduction port and the measurement chamber, and which converts a portion of a first gas type into a second gas type, and a detection device that detects the second gas type. A ratio of diffusion resistances of the first gas detection unit and the second gas detection unit is greater than or equal to 0.71 and less than or equal to 1.4.

Abstract: Provided is a sensor element and a gas sensor capable of suppressing a disadvantage resulting from the structure of a diffusion control unit while suppressing the influence of a dynamic pressure resulting from an operation of an engine. A sensor element is used to measure the concentration of a predetermined gas component in a measurement target gas. The sensor element includes an oxygen ion-conductive solid electrolyte. A gas introduction opening is formed at one end portion in the long side direction of the sensor element. An internal cavity is formed inside the sensor element. A diffusion control unit is formed between the gas introduction opening and the internal cavity. The diffusion control unit includes first and second diffusion control units that are arranged along the long side direction. The first diffusion control unit includes a first opening portion. The second diffusion control unit includes a second opening portion.

Abstract: The object of the present invention is to provide a therapeutic agent for hyperphosphatemia capable sufficiently decreasing a serum phosphorus concentration with a small dose. The present invention provides a therapeutic agent for hyperphosphatemia, which comprises, as an active ingredient, a particle containing certain crosslinked polymer (preferably crosslinked polyallylamine).

Abstract: A gas sensor system is equipped with a first gas detection unit, and a second gas detection unit. The first and second gas detection units include a gas introduction port for introducing a gas to be measured, a measurement chamber communicating with the gas introduction port, a conversion medium (NH3 oxidation catalyst) arranged between the gas introduction port and the measurement chamber, and which converts a portion of a first gas type into a second gas type, and a detection device that detects the second gas type. A ratio of diffusion resistances of the first gas detection unit and the second gas detection unit is greater than or equal to 0.71 and less than or equal to 1.4.

Abstract: A gas sensor that measures concentrations of a first target component and a second target component includes a first switch that controls driving of a first preliminary adjustment pump cell to be turned ON or OFF, a second switch that controls driving of a second preliminary adjustment pump cell to be turned ON or OFF, and a switching control device that controls switching between the first switch and the second switch.

Abstract: A first gas sensor having a first sensor element includes a first protective cover that protects the first sensor element, and a second gas sensor having a second sensor element includes a second protective cover that protects the second sensor element. The first protective cover is coated with an oxidation catalyst for one target component from among a plurality of target components, and the second protective cover is coated with an inert catalyst for the one target component.

Abstract: A gas sensor includes a sensor element including an element body, a first electrode, a second electrode, and a heater; a voltage acquisition section that acquires a voltage between the first electrode and the second electrode; a heater power supply; an external common lead that serves as both at least part of an electric circuit used to acquire the voltage by providing electrical continuity between the first electrode and the voltage acquisition section and at least part of an electric circuit used to supply an electric power from the heater power supply to the heater and that is disposed outside the sensor element; and a correction section that derives a value of a voltage drop in the external common lead in accordance with a heater current and that corrects the voltage acquired by the voltage acquisition section in accordance with the derived value of the voltage drop.

Abstract: The object of the present invention is to provide a therapeutic agent for hyperphosphatemia capable sufficiently decreasing a serum phosphorus concentration with a small dose, and particles therefor. The present invention provides a therapeutic agent for hyperphosphatemia, which comprises, as an active ingredient, a particle containing a crosslinked polymer having a substituent containing a NRA1RA2 structure or a salt thereof, wherein the particle has an average particle diameter of 20 to 150 ?m and a swelling rate of 9 to 16 mL/g (wherein RA1 and RA2 each independently represent a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, an aminoalkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms or a salt thereof, or the like).

Abstract: In a gas sensor, which measures a measurement pump current Ip3 of a measurement chamber, while switching a preliminary pump cell of a preliminary chamber ON or OFF at a constant period, there are formed in communication with each other sequentially from a gas introduction port in the interior of a structural body made from a solid electrolyte, a preliminary chamber, an oxygen concentration adjustment chamber, and a measurement chamber. The gas sensor rapidly determines a steady-state value of a measurement pump current Ip3, based on a peak value of a rate of change over time dIp3/dt of the measurement pump current Ip3, thereby hastening an ON/OFF switching period of the preliminary pump cell.

Abstract: The object of the present invention is to provide a therapeutic agent for hyperphosphatemia capable sufficiently decreasing a serum phosphorus concentration with a small dose, and particles therefor. The present invention provides a therapeutic agent for hyperphosphatemia, which comprises, as an active ingredient, a particle containing a crosslinked polymer having a substituent containing a NRA1RA2 structure or a salt thereof, wherein the particle has an average particle diameter of 20 to 150 ?m and a swelling rate of 9 to 16 mL/g (wherein RA1 and RA2 each independently represent a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, an aminoalkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms or a salt thereof, or the like).

Abstract: The object of the present invention is to provide a therapeutic agent for hyperphosphatemia capable sufficiently decreasing a serum phosphorus concentration with a small dose. The present invention provides a therapeutic agent for hyperphosphatemia, which comprises, as an active ingredient, a particle containing certain crosslinked polymer (preferably crosslinked polyallylamine).

Abstract: Provided is a production method of an optically active dihydrobenzofuran derivative. A production method of an optically active form of a compound represented by the formula: wherein each symbol is as defined in the specification, or a salt thereof and the like.