Abstract: A film-forming method for forming a film in a film-forming apparatus includes generating first gas molecular species and second gas molecular species by causing the first source gas and the second source gas accumulated in the accumulation mechanisms to pass through respective instantaneously-heating units, sharply raising partial pressure of the first gas molecular species and partial pressure of the second gas molecular species by projectingly supplying the first gas molecular species and the second gas molecular species to the reaction chamber in which the substrate has been placed, which has been depressurized, and which has a constant capacity; bringing the first gas molecular species or the second gas molecular species into reaction by alternately repeatedly guiding the first gas molecular species or the second gas molecular species to a surface of the substrate, and forming a compound film on the surface of the substrate.

Abstract: Source gases are instantaneously heated, at least two kinds of generated gas molecular species generated by instantaneously heating the source gases are independently introduced and brought into contact with a substrate having a temperature lower than heating temperature of the instantaneously-heating mechanism for source gas to form a first compound film and to form a second compound film containing at least one element of elements contained in the first compound film, and a multilayer film composed of at least the first compound film and the second compound film is produced.

Abstract: A small-sized fluid heating/cooling apparatus for heating or cooling a large amount of gas or liquid at a low cost. Structures where a flow passage for a fluid is formed in a heated or cooled base formed in a plate shape or a column shape, and a fluid which has passed through the narrowed flow passage impinges on a wall of a side face of the base vertically to perform heat exchange are connected in series. Heat exchange is instantaneously performed in a small space and manufacture of a mechanism performing such an operation is easy. A material constituting the flow passage may be a metal or ceramics, and a small-sized fluid heat exchanging apparatus can be manufactured at a low cost.

Abstract: A film-forming method for forming a film in a film-forming apparatus includes generating first gas molecular species and second gas molecular species by causing the first source gas and the second source gas accumulated in the accumulation mechanisms to pass through respective instantaneously-heating units, sharply raising partial pressure of the first gas molecular species and partial pressure of the second gas molecular species by projectingly supplying the first gas molecular species and the second gas molecular species to the reaction chamber in which the substrate has been placed, which has been depressurized, and which has a constant capacity; bringing the first gas molecular species or the second gas molecular species into reaction by alternately repeatedly guiding the first gas molecular species or the second gas molecular species to a surface of the substrate, and forming a compound film on the surface of the substrate.

Abstract: A gas generating apparatus generates hydrogen having carbon monoxide concentration of 0.1% or less by reacting hydrogen carbide and water together without requiring a platinum catalyst. The gas generating apparatus includes a gas instantaneously-heating mechanism that instantaneously heats a source gas, and a catalyst vessel connected to the gas instantaneously-heating mechanism and containing a catalyst. A high-temperature heated source gas beam generated by the gas instantaneously-heating mechanism, which contains hydrogen carbide and water, is caused to collide with the catalyst to generate a gas. Heat of the source gas is transmitted to a catalyst surface because of the absence of a stagnation layer, and a non-equilibrium reaction efficiently proceeds on the catalyst. Hydrogen can be extracted with a low-cost ruthenium catalyst.

Abstract: In a small-sized fluid heat exchanging apparatus that heats or cools a huge amount of gas or liquid, a structure makes fluid having a high flow speed impinge perpendicularly against a wall. A flow passage is divided into a high-speed flow passage and a low-speed flow passage, and the high-speed flow passage and the low-speed flow passage are arranged so as to intersect perpendicularly with each other, according to guidelines for the shape of the flow passage. A flow passage designed according to the guidelines provides highly-efficient heat exchange.

Abstract: Source gases are instantaneously heated, at least two kinds of generated gas molecular species generated by instantaneously heating the source gases are independently introduced and brought into contact with a substrate having a temperature lower than heating temperature of the instantaneously-heating mechanism for source gas to form a first compound film and to form a second compound film containing at least one element of elements contained in the first compound film, and a multilayer film composed of at least the first compound film and the second compound film is produced.

Abstract: To form a film by generating molecular species which can react at a low temperature, especially, 100° C. or less at which a substrate is not deformed or altered. In a heat beam heating device which instantaneously heats a source gas to a high temperature to cause the source gas to collide with a metal wall including a catalytic function, activated molecular species are generated by a nonequilibrium reaction, sprayed on, and brought into contact with a substrate to form a film.

Abstract: A solid gasification apparatus includes a reaction chamber thermally insulated by a heat insulating material, a heat beam fluid heat exchange apparatus that produces a first heated gas and a second heated gas, and a unit that includes a gas flow path. The unit sprays the first heated gas against a material solid in a reaction chamber to heat the material solid, and, simultaneously, makes the material solid react with the first heated gas to produce a produced gas containing the element of the material solid. The unit makes a second heated gas contact and react with the produced gas.

Abstract: To generate hydrogen having a carbon monoxide concentration of 0.1% or less by reacting a hydrogen carbide and water with each other without using a platinum catalyst. A gas generating apparatus includes a gas instantaneously-heating mechanism that instantaneously heats a source gas and a catalyst vessel that is connected to the gas instantaneously-heating mechanism and contains a catalyst, a high-temperature heated source gas beam generated by the gas instantaneously-heating mechanism being caused to collide with the catalyst to generate a gas. More specifically, a source gas containing a hydrogen carbide and water is instantaneously heated to a high temperature, and a source gas beam is caused to collide with the catalyst. Heat of the source gas is transmitted to a catalyst surface because of the absence a stagnation layer, and nonequilibrium reaction efficiently proceeds on the catalyst. Hydrogen can be extracted with a low-price catalyst made of ruthenium.

Abstract: A solid gasification apparatus includes a reaction chamber thermally insulated by a heat insulating material, a heat beam fluid heat exchange apparatus that produces a first heated gas and a second heated gas, and a unit that includes a gas flow path. The unit spays the first heated gas against a material solid in a reaction chamber to heat the material solid, and, simultaneously, makes the material solid react with the first heated gas to produce a produced gas containing the element of the material solid. The unit makes a second heated gas contact and react with the produced gas.

Abstract: A small-sized fluid heating/cooling apparatus for heating or cooling a large amount of gas or liquid at a low cost. Structures where a flow passage for a fluid is formed in a heated or cooled base formed in a plate shape or a column shape, and a fluid which has passed through the narrowed flow passage impinges on a wall of a side face of the base vertically to perform heat exchange are connected in series. Heat exchange is instantaneously performed in a small space and manufacture of a mechanism performing such an operation is easy. A material constituting the flow passage may be a metal or ceramics, and a small-sized fluid heat exchanging apparatus can be manufactured at a low cost.

Abstract: In a small-sized fluid heat exchanging apparatus that heats or cools a huge amount of gas or liquid, a structure makes fluid having a high flow speed impinge perpendicularly against a wall. A flow passage is divided into a high-speed flow passage and a low-speed flow passage, and the high-speed flow passage and the low-speed flow passage are arranged so as to intersect perpendicularly with each other, according to guidelines for the shape of the flow passage. A flow passage designed according to the guidelines provides highly-efficient heat exchange.

Abstract: A heat exchanging apparatus has a flow path with air tightness formed by joining a second sheet to a first sheet formed by bending the first sheet by stamping and fluid introduced into the flow path impinges on a wall of the flow path to perform heat exchange. A material constituting the flow path may be a metal sheet or an electrically-conductive plastic, and a small-sized and light-weight heat exchanging apparatus can be manufactured at a low cost.

Abstract: Provided are an RF powder particle, an RF powder, and an RF powder-containing base that can make it difficult to fabricate, for example, forged documents or forged bank notes with respect to sheet-like objects having high proprietary values, such as bank notes, and that allow necessary information to be stored in each of the large number of particles which are each provided with a tank circuit having a predetermined resonant frequency. The RF powder particle includes a coil 24 (inductance element) as a magnetic filed coupling element and a condenser 25 (capacitance element) connected to the both ends of the coil on an insulating surface of a substrate 22 and is configured so as to form a tank circuit 31 by the inductance element and the capacitance element. The tank circuit 31 functions as a circuit in a resonance state or in a non-resonance state in accordance with conditions in response to a high-frequency magnetic field from outside.

Abstract: A method is provided for adding an RF powder to a sheet-like object having a high property value, such as a variety of cards, paper money, and securities. The RF powder makes it very difficult to produce, for example, counterfeit cards, documents and bills. Also, an RF powder-added base sheet to which the RF powder has been added is provided. In the method for adding the RF powder, the RF powder includes a plurality of RF powder particles 11 and is disposed on a surface of a base sheet 10 to add the RF powder to the base sheet. Each RF powder particle 11 has a magnetic field coupling circuit element in a high frequency magnetic field having a specific frequency. The RF powder is disposed on a surface of a base sheet by a printing technique. The RF powder-added base sheet 10 includes an RF powder including a plurality of RF powder particles 11 disposed within a printed object on a surface of a base sheet.

Abstract: A base data management system is provided which can grasp specific data recorded in a plate-like or sheet-like object having high property values, such as a variety of cards, paper money, and securities, in real time, and can manage and track circulating paper money or the like. The base data management system includes a base data reader including a reading mechanism that reads specific data or resonance frequency recorded in a base with a magnetic field coupling and a transmitting mechanism that transmits the specific frequency date read by the reading mechanism and reader information.

Abstract: Provided is a fluid heating device that is small in size and capable of heating a large flow of gas or liquid at a low cost. A flow path in which no backwater is produced is provided by providing grooved flow paths of a fluid are provided over an outer side surface of a metallic circular cylinder such that a fluid passing through a narrowed one of the flow paths impinges perpendicularly against a wall of the next flow path. This allows instantaneous heat exchange within a small space, and makes manufacturing of such a structure simple.

Abstract: RF particles that can render more difficult fabrication of counterfeit notes and the like, can generate radiofrequency magnetic fields by oscillation of a tank circuit having a particular resonant frequency, and that can easily and reliably supply electric power for oscillation, RF powder, and a method for exciting the RF powder are provided. In an RF powder particle, a coil (inductance element) serving as an antenna and a capacitor (capacitance element) connected to the coil are formed on an insulating film surface of a substrate. The inductance element and the capacitance element form a tank circuit, and a photovoltaic cell for supplying power to the tank circuit is disposed on the substrate.

Abstract: A substrate including a sensor unit, wherein the sensor unit includes a coil wound at least once arranged on the surface of the sensor or embedded within and near the surface thereof. With such an arrangement, an electric current that corresponds to information with respect to the substrate (e.g., the temperature of the substrate or the amount of charge stored in the substrate) flows through the coil.