Abstract: Provision of a novel platinum complex which is useful as a material for a light-emitting device of good light emission characteristic and light emission efficiency, and a novel light-emitting material that may be utilized in various fields. A platinum complex represented by the following general formula (1): (in which two rings of ring A, ring B, ring C, and ring D represent nitrogen-containing heterocyclic rings which may have a substituent and the remaining two rings of them represent aryl rings or hetero aryl rings which may have a substituent, the ring A and the ring B, the ring A and the ring C or/and the ring B and the rind D may form condensed rings. Two of X1, X2, X3, and X4 represent nitrogen atoms coordination bonded to a platinum atom and the remaining two of them represent carbon atoms or nitrogen atoms.

Abstract: A platinum complex represented by the following formula (1) or (2): wherein, ring A, ring B, ring C, ring D and ring G each independently represent an aromatic ring optionally having substituent(s) or an aromatic heterocyclic ring optionally having substituent (s); X represents an oxygen atom or a sulfur atom; R1 and R2 each independently represent a hydrogen atom or a substituent; the ring E and the ring F each independently represent a nitrogen-containing aromatic heterocyclic ring, and more R1 and the ring B, and also R2 and the ring B each may combine together to form a fused ring and that the ring E and the ring F may combine together to form a fused ring. The platinum complex is useful for a luminescent device of an organic EL device or the like, and can provide a device being extremely good in thermal stability, emission characteristics and power efficiency.

Abstract: A light-emitting device such as an organic electroluminescent device is disclosed wherein a platinum complex represented by the following general formula: (wherein, rings A and B each independently represent an aromatic ring optionally having substituent (s) or an aromatic heterocyclic ring optionally having substituent (s); X represents an oxygen atom or a sulfur atom; R1, R2, R3and R4 each independently represent a hydrogen atom or a substituent; and more, R1 and R2, R2 and R3, and R3and R4 may respectively combine together to form a fused ring.) is used as a light-emitting layer material, a charge transporting material or the like.

Abstract: A platinum complex represented by the general formula 1, useful as a phosphorescence emission material, a tetradentate ligand useful for synthesizing the platinum complex, and a light-emitting device containing at least one of the platinum complex. In the general formula 1, two of the rings A, B, C, and D each independently represent an aromatic ring or an aromatic heterocyclic ring, while the other two rings each represent a nitrogen-containing heterocyclic ring; RA-D represent the substituents; each the rings A and B, the rings B and C, and the rings C and D may be bound to each other to form a fused ring independently via the substituent RA-D; XA-D each represent a carbon atom or nitrogen atom; Q represents a bivalent atom or atomic group; Y represents a carbon or nitrogen atom; and n is an integer of 0 to 3.

Abstract: The invention aims at providing platinum complexes useful as materials for light emitting devices and extremely excellent in heat stability, luminous characteristics, and luminous efficiency, and a process for effective preparation thereof. The invention relates to platinum complexes represented by the general formula [1]: wherein any two of A, B and C are each independently an optionally substituted nitrogenous aromatic heterocyclic group and the other is optionally substituted aryl or optionally substituted heteroaryl; and Y is halogeno or an optionally substituted aryl or heteroaryl group which is bonded either directly or through oxygen (—O—) or sulfur (—S—) (with the proviso that when the adjacent two rings are nitrogenous aromatic heterocyclic groups, the cases wherein Y is chloro are excepted, while when the nonadjacent two rings are nitrogenous aromatic heterocyclic groups, the cases wherein Y is not halogeno are excepted).

Abstract: A method and apparatus for forming a transparent electrode layer of a thin-film compound semiconductor solar cell by using only a direct-current sputtering system, wherein a preliminary layer is formed in a first process by direct-current sputtering from a target by supplying thereto a specified low electric power preset so as not to damage the substrate by sputters and a complete layer is deposited thereon in a second process by sputtering from the same target by supplying a high electric power. The same layer is also formed by direct-current sputtering from a pair of oppositely disposed targets of the same material. The method and apparatus are capable of easily forming a high quality transparent electrode layer at an increased speed.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes an image bearing member on which a toner image is formed and a blade retained so as to be capable of coming into contact with and separating from the image bearing member and adapted, when in contact with the image bearing member, to remove residual toner remaining on the image bearing member after image transfer, the blade being brought into contact with or separated from the image bearing member during movement of the image bearing member, wherein the blade includes an edge portion to be brought into contact with the image bearing member and a support portion causing the edge portion to come into contact with the image bearing member, and wherein the hardness of the edge portion is higher than the hardness of the support portion, the hardness of the edge portion being not less than 75 degrees but not more than 100 degrees (JIS-A), the hardness of the support portion being not less than 60 degrees but not more than 85 degrees (JIS-A).

Abstract: This invention provides a polymerizable liquid crystal compound having a large value of &Dgr;n/n, excellent in coating properties on an alignment film and easily aligned. Disclosed is a polymerizable liquid crystal compound having at least one polymerizable reactive group and showing nematic liquid crystal properties, having a &Dgr;n/n value of 0.14 or more wherein n is average refractive index and &Dgr;n is extraordinary light refractive index (ne) minus ordinary light refractive index (no), and being aligned by application onto an alignment film.

Abstract: A reception side radio station has a notification signal generator 108 which transmits a notification signal for notifying information of a frequency of a radio link being used at the radio station, and a transmitter 111 which transmits information indicating a reception power level and its frequency as radio signal data. On the other hand, a transmission side radio station has a notification signal measurer 106 which measures a reception power level of the notification signal and detects the frequency notified by the signal, and a frequency band controller 109 which determines an assignable frequency band for a radio link between the transmission side radio station and the reception side radio station based on the radio signal data and the notification signal.

Abstract: In a cleaning blade and an image-forming apparatus using a cleaning means having the cleaning blade, the cleaning blade is composed of an edge portion which is brought into contact with the image-bearing member and a support portion which brings the edge portion into contact with the image-bearing member, where the value at a peak temperature (t1) of a loss tangent of the edge portion, tan &dgr;1, is smaller than the value at a peak temperature (t2) of a loss tangent of the support portion, tan &dgr;2, and a curve which represents the temperature dependence of the loss tangent of the edge portion and a curve which represents the temperature dependence of the loss tangent of the support portion intersect at t1° C. or above to t1+40° C. or below.

Abstract: Provided are an electrophotographic method and an electrophotographic apparatus that can reduce ghost memory latent in an a-Si photosensitive member, relieve potential unevenness, and provide image copies with high quality. In an electrophotographic process of forming a toner image at least through decharging of a photosensitive member as a recording element, charging, exposing, developing, and transferring, at least a light-receiving layer of the photosensitive member is comprised of an amorphous material; a latent image is formed by the exposing with a light; the light has such a peak wavelength in an emission spectrum as to make minimum a value of optical memory at a unit contrast potential; and the decharging is implemented by use of a light having a full width at half maximum of a peak in an emission spectrum of not more than 50 nm.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus has a first image bearing body for bearing an image formed by a substantially spherical toner, transferring belt for transferring a toner image formed on the first image bearing body onto a second image bearing body, and a cleaning member, abutting on the first image forming body, for sweeping away the toner remaining on the first image bearing body after a transferring operation by the transferring belt, wherein the first image bearing body contains a fluororesin on its surface, a content ratio F (% by weight) of the fluororesin is in a range of 10≦F≦50, a surface roughness Rz (&mgr;m) of the first image bearing body is Rz<5.0, and a dynamic friction coefficient &mgr; between the first image bearing body and the cleaning member is in a range of 0.5≦&mgr;≦2.5.

Abstract: In a cleaning blade and an image-forming apparatus using a cleaning means having the cleaning blade, the cleaning blade is composed of an edge portion which is brought into contact with the image-bearing member and a support portion which brings the edge portion into contact with the image-bearing member, where the value at a peak temperature (t1) of a loss tangent of the edge portion, tan&dgr;1, is smaller than the value at a peak temperature (t2) of a loss tangent of the support portion, tan&dgr;2, and a curve which represents the temperature dependence of the loss tangent of the edge portion and a curve which represents the temperature dependence of the loss tangent of the support portion intersect at t1° C. or above to t1+40° C. or below.

Abstract: An electrophotographic apparatus has a light scanning device for guiding a light beam onto a rotary polygon mirror and deflecting the light beam; and a recording medium which the light beam deflected by the light scanning device scans to form an image. The recording medium is an a-Si base photosensitive member. The electrophotographic apparatus satisfies a relation represented by Eq. (I) below; 3.0≧D/W≧1.5  (I) where D is a diameter of the light beam at a reflecting surface of the rotary polygon mirror and W is a width in a main scanning direction of a deflecting surface of the rotary polygon mirror.

Abstract: This invention provides a polymerizable liquid crystal compound having a large value of An/n, excellent in coating properties on an alignment film and easily aligned. Disclosed is a polymerizable liquid crystal compound having at least one polymerizable reactive group and showing nematic liquid crystal properties, having a &Dgr;n/n value of 0.14 or more wherein n is average refractive index and &Dgr;n is extraordinary light refractive index (ne) minus ordinary light refractive index (no), and being aligned by application onto an alignment film.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus provided with an image forming portion for forming an image by a developer, a bearing and conveying member capable of bearing thereon and conveying a transfer material on which the developer image is formed, or the developer image directly transferred thereto, and a cleaning portion for cleaning the bearing and conveying member, the cleaning portion has a cleaning blade abutting against the bearing and conveying member, and a holding member holding the cleaning blade and swingable about a rotary shaft, wherein the angle formed by a tangential line on the abutting portion of the cleaning blade against the bearing and conveying member with a line connecting the center of the rotary shaft and the abutting portion is designed to be equal to or greater than 0° and equal to or smaller than 15°, and the abrasion wear of the surface of the bearing and conveying member when in use of the apparatus, the bearing and conveying member has made 10,000 revolutions is designed to be equal t

Abstract: Provided are an electrophotographic method and an electrophotographic apparatus that can reduce ghost memory latent in an a-Si photosensitive member, relieve potential unevenness, and provide image copies with high quality. In an electrophotographic process of forming a toner image at least through decharging of a photosensitive member as a recording element, charging, exposing, developing, and transferring, at least a light-receiving layer of the photosensitive member is comprised of an amorphous material; a latent image is formed by the exposing with a light; the light has such a peak wavelength in an emission spectrum as to make minimum a value of optical memory at a unit contrast potential; and the decharging is implemented by use of a light having a full width at half maximum of a peak in an emission spectrum of not more than 50 nm.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus is herein disclosed which comprises a first image bearing body for bearing an image formed by a substantially spherical toner, transferring means for transferring a toner image formed on the first image bearing body onto a second image bearing body, and a cleaning member, abutting on the first image forming body, for sweeping away the toner remaining on the first image bearing body after a transferring operation by the transferring means, wherein it is simultaneously satisfied that the first image forming body contains a fluororesin on its surface, a content ratio F (% by weight) of the fluororesin is in a range of 10≦F≦50, a surface roughness Rz (&mgr;m) of the first image bearing body is Rz<5.0, and a dynamic friction coefficient &mgr; between the first image bearing body and the cleaning member is in a range of 0.5≦&mgr;≦2.5.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus provided with an image forming portion for forming an image by a developer, a bearing and conveying member capable of bearing thereon and conveying a transfer material on which the developer image is formed, or the developer image directly transferred thereto, and a cleaning portion for cleaning the bearing and conveying member, the cleaning portion has a cleaning blade abutting against the bearing and conveying member, and a holding member holding the cleaning blade and swingable about a rotary shaft, wherein the angle formed by a tangential line on the abutting portion of the cleaning blade against the bearing and conveying member with a line connecting the center of the rotary shaft and the abutting portion is designed to be equal to or greater than 0° and equal to or smaller than 15°, and the abrasion wear of the surface of the bearing and conveying member when in use of the apparatus, the bearing and conveying member has made 10,000 revolutions is designed to be equal t

Abstract: The present invention relates to an electrophotographic apparatus in which maximum potential difference &Dgr;VD (volt) in a potential of a dark portion of the electrostatic image in the longitudinal direction, maximum potential difference &Dgr;VL in a potential of a light portion of the electrostatic image in the longitudinal direction, a value a (1/volt) represented by (variation amount in density, in the longitudinal direction, in the image formed by developing the light portion with the developing means)/(the maximum potential difference &Dgr;VD) and a value b (1/volt) represented by (variation amount in density, in the longitudinal direction, in the image formed by developing the light portion with the developing means)/(the maximum potential difference &Dgr;VL) satisfy a relation: 0.3≦a×&Dgr;VD+b×&Dgr;VL≦0.3 in which 100≧|&Dgr;VD|≧20 and 100≧|&Dgr;VL|≧20.