Abstract: A graphitization furnace includes a furnace body, an upper lining, an insulating lining, a lower lining, a positive electrode and a negative electrode. The upper lining, the insulating lining and the lower lining are all disposed as attached to an inner wall of the furnace body, and the upper lining, the insulating lining and the lower lining sequentially abut against one another along a direction from top to bottom, and the upper lining, the insulating lining and the lower lining are all substantially provided with first through holes with a common axis. The positive electrode is substantially disposed vertically, a lower end of the positive electrode is disposed within the upper lining, the negative electrode is substantially disposed horizontally, and a middle part of the negative electrode is provided with a second through hole for passing raw ingredients.

Abstract: Systems, methods, and computer-readable media are disclosed for high-speed falling conductor protection in electric distribution systems. An example method may include calculating, by a processor, at a first time, and for each phase, one or more first impedance values associated with one or more terminals of a transmission line. The example method may also include calculating, by the processor, at a second time, and for each phase, one or more second impedance values associated with the one or more terminals. The example method may also include determining, by the processor, that a rate of change of an impedance of the one or more terminals is greater than a threshold rate of change. The example method may also include determining, by the processor and based on the determination that the rate of change of the one or more terminals is greater than the threshold rate of change, that the transmission line has broken.

Abstract: Systems, methods, and computer-readable media are disclosed for impedance-based broken conductor detection in electric distribution systems. Upon the detection of a broken conductor, the affected overhead line will be de-energized before it hits the ground. An example method may include determining, during a first time period, a first impedance value measured by a first IED, and may further include determining, during a second time period that after the first time period, a second impedance value measured by the first IED. The method may further include determining a first ratio based on dividing a difference between the first impedance value and the second impedance value by the first impedance value, and may further include determining that the first ratio deviates from a threshold setpoint, and determining that a broken conductor condition occurs based on the first ratio deviating from the threshold setpoint.

Abstract: Systems, methods, and computer-readable media are disclosed for high-speed falling conductor protection in electric distribution systems. An example method may include calculating, by a processor, at a first time, and for each phase, one or more first impedance values associated with one or more terminals of a transmission line. The example method may also include calculating, by the processor, at a second time, and for each phase, one or more second impedance values associated with the one or more terminals. The example method may also include determining, by the processor, that a rate of change of an impedance of the one or more terminals is greater than a threshold rate of change. The example method may also include determining, by the processor and based on the determination that the rate of change of the one or more terminals is greater than the threshold rate of change, that the transmission line has broken.

Abstract: Systems, methods, and computer-readable media are disclosed for impedance-based broken conductor detection in electric distribution systems. Upon the detection of a broken conductor, the affected overhead line will be de-energized before it hits the ground. An example method may include determining, during a first time period, a first impedance value measured by a first IED, and may further include determining, during a second time period that after the first time period, a second impedance value measured by the first IED. The method may further include determining a first ratio based on dividing a difference between the first impedance value and the second impedance value by the first impedance value, and may further include determining that the first ratio deviates from a threshold setpoint, and determining that a broken conductor condition occurs based on the first ratio deviating from the threshold setpoint.