Abstract: A contact member that comes into contact with a surface of a developer carrier has a volume resistivity of 1014 ohm·cm or less, and a developer satisfies the following conditions: a rotating member and the contact member have a resistance value of 1.0×104 ohms or less, and a first resistance value ranges from 1.0×105 ohms to 1.0×108 ohms as measured in a state where the rotating member is stopped and the developer is located between the rotating member and the contact member, and a second resistance value is in the range of the first resistance value and is 40% or more with respect to the first resistance value, as measured in a state where the rotating member is rotated at 200 mm/s with respect to the contact member and the developer is located between the rotating member and the contact member.

Abstract: A laminate has better handling properties achieved when it is attached to an adherend and which allows the solubility irregularity of the water-soluble material layer to be suppressed. The laminate includes: a 10 to 500 nm thick biodegradable material layer containing an aliphatic polyester and a water-soluble material layer disposed on at least one side of the biodegradable material layer, in which the water-soluble material layer is constituted of a 1 to 20 ?m thick first layer containing a water-soluble polymer (a), a 10 ?m to 10 mm thick fabric structure containing a water-soluble polymer (b), and a 1 to 20 ?m thick second layer containing a water-soluble polymer (c), which are layered in this order from the biodegradable material layer side.

Abstract: A laminate has at least one polylactic acid resin-containing layer (C) with a thickness of 10-500 nm on at least one surface of a fibrous structure (B) containing a water-soluble resin (A). A production method for the laminate is characterized in that water or an aqueous solution is applied to the joining surface of the fibrous structure (B) and the polylactic acid resin-containing layer (C). The laminate exhibits excellent followability, adherence and coatability relative to flexible, curved adherends, exhibits excellent compatibility to organs such as skin and internal organs, and, because the fibrous structure (B) containing a water-soluble resin (A) can easily be removed from the polylactic acid resin-containing layer (C) by the aqueous solution, is adapted for use in materials for external use on the skin, such as wound-dressing materials, adhesion-preventing materials, and skin care products.

Abstract: A polymer film has an average film thickness T0 along a straight line D passing through the center of gravity of a two-dimensional projection such that the area of the polymer film is maximized, satisfies equation (a), the average value L of distances 1 from the center of gravity to edges satisfies equation (b), the Young's modulus E satisfies equation (c), and the thickness deviation ? defined by equation (d) satisfies equation (e); and a dispersion liquid and an agglomerate using the same. (a) 10 nm?T0?1000 nm, (b) 0.1 ?m?L?500 ?m, (c) 0.01 GPa?E?4.3 GPa, (d) ?=1?T1/T2, (e) 0.346E×10?9?1.499<?<?0.073E×10?9+0.316.

Abstract: A laminated film includes a polylactic acid-based resin layer and one or more acetylated hyaluronic acid layers laminated on a side of the polylactic acid-based resin layer, is highly flexible and easy to handle and, when stuck to an adherend with curved surface, the laminated film has excellent followability, adhesiveness and coating properties to the adherend, since the acetylated hyaluronic acid layer(s) can be removed easily with an aqueous solution from the polylactic acid-based resin layer in a thin film shape. The acetylated hyaluronic acid and the polylactic acid-based resin are biodegradable and, therefore, the laminated film is highly compatible with skin and organs such as visceral organs. The laminated film is optimally usable as a dermal material for external application such as a wound coating material, an adhesion inhibitor and skin care articles.

Abstract: A polymer laminate has 2-100 layers each containing a biodegradable resin and having a thickness of 10 nm-400 nm that are laminated, the thickness of at least one of the outermost layers is 10 nm-180 nm, and the outermost layers are joined to each other. A polymer laminate excellent in biocompatibility and mechanical strength and suitable to medical applications such as wound dressings and antiadhesive materials can be obtained.

Abstract: A laminate has better handling properties achieved when it is attached to an adherend and which allows the solubility irregularity of the water-soluble material layer to be suppressed. The laminate includes: a 10 to 500 nm thick biodegradable material layer containing an aliphatic polyester and a water-soluble material layer disposed on at least one side of the biodegradable material layer, in which the water-soluble material layer is constituted of a 1 to 20 ?m thick first layer containing a water-soluble polymer (a), a 10 ?m to 10 mm thick fabric structure containing a water-soluble polymer (b), and a 1 to 20 ?m thick second layer containing a water-soluble polymer (c), which are layered in this order from the biodegradable material layer side.

Abstract: A laminated film includes a polylactic acid-based resin layer and one or more acetylated hyaluronic acid layers laminated on a side of the polylactic acid-based resin layer, is highly flexible and easy to handle and, when stuck to an adherend with curved surface, the laminated film has excellent followability, adhesiveness and coating properties to the adherend, since the acetylated hyaluronic acid layer(s) can be removed easily with an aqueous solution from the polylactic acid-based resin layer in a thin film shape. The acetylated hyaluronic acid and the polylactic acid-based resin are biodegradable and, therefore, the laminated film is highly compatible with skin and organs such as visceral organs. The laminated film is optimally usable as a dermal material for external application such as a wound coating material, an adhesion inhibitor and skin care articles.

Abstract: A polymer film has an average film thickness T0 along a straight line D passing through the center of gravity of a two-dimensional projection such that the area of the polymer film is maximized, satisfies equation (a), the average value L of distances 1 from the center of gravity to edges satisfies equation (b), the Young's modulus E satisfies equation (c), and the thickness deviation ? defined by equation (d) satisfies equation (e); and a dispersion liquid and an agglomerate using the same. (a) 10 nm?T0?1000 nm, (b) 0.1 ?m?L?500 ?m, (c) 0.01 GPa?E?4.3 GPa, (d) ?=1?T1/T2, (e) 0.346E×10?9?1.499<?<?0.073E×10?9+0.316.

Abstract: A laminate has at least one polylactic acid resin-containing layer (C) with a thickness of 10-500 nm on at least one surface of a fibrous structure (B) containing a water-soluble resin (A). A production method for the laminate is characterized in that water or an aqueous solution is applied to the joining surface of the fibrous structure (B) and the polylactic acid resin-containing layer (C). The laminate exhibits excellent followability, adherence and coatability relative to flexible, curved adherends, exhibits excellent compatibility to organs such as skin and internal organs, and, because the fibrous structure (B) containing a water-soluble resin (A) can easily be removed from the polylactic acid resin-containing layer (C) by the aqueous solution, is adapted for use in materials for external use on the skin, such as wound-dressing materials, adhesion-preventing materials, and skin care products.

Abstract: A polymer laminate has 2-100 layers each containing a biodegradable resin and having a thickness of 10 nm-400 nm that are laminated, the thickness of at least one of the outermost layers is 10 nm-180 nm, and the outermost layers are joined to each other. A polymer laminate excellent in biocompatibility and mechanical strength and suitable to medical applications such as wound dressings and antiadhesive materials can be obtained.