Abstract: Provided is a film-formation method for a surface layer having high mechanical strength and a low refractive index. A step of film formation from a vapor deposition material by a vacuum vapor deposition method and a step of film formation by sputtering of a target constituent substance are repeated for the surfaces of substrates (S), thereby forming films with a lower refractive index than that of a film-forming material.

Abstract: An industrial robot system may enable a reduction in an installation/adjustment period, and an increase in a no-error continuous operation period. The system includes an action planning section for temporary halts, an error-inducing-task restraining section, a section for teaching task, an operation mastering section, a hand library, an optimum-task-operation generating section, a specific task library, an error-recovery-task teaching section, an error recovery library, a finger-eye-camera measurement section including an omnidirectional mirror, a three-dimensional recognition section, a controller, a manipulator, and a hand with a plurality of fingers.

Abstract: Provided is an industrial robot system which enables a reduction in an installation/adjustment period, and an increase in a no-error continuous operation period, and includes an action planning section (4) for temporary halts, an error-inducing-task restraining section (5), a section (6) for teaching task, an operation mastering section (7), a hand library (8), an optimum-task-operation generating section (11), a specific task library (9), an error-recovery-task teaching section (12), an error recovery library (10), a finger-eye-camera measurement section (32), a three-dimensional recognition section (33), a controller (30), a manipulator (31), and a universal hand contained in a manipulation device group (34).