Abstract: The present invention provides a process for producing virus-like particles, which can produce virus-like particles having the protein of a virus and a lipid bilayer membrane derived from an eukaryotic microorganism as an outer membrane in a short period of time in a form that is not contaminated with a vector virus, and which enables the virus-like particles to be used for various applications.

Abstract: An electrode substrate and a recording medium having a smooth surface with surface unevenness of 1 nm or less and a size of 1 &mgr;m/or more are disclosed. An electrode substrate and a recording medium having a concave-shaped groove for tracking on the surface, which groove has a depth which can detect of the tunnel current from the bottom thereof by a probe electrode for scanning the surface are also disclosed. Information processing devices equipped with the smooth recording medium, an electroconductive probe arranged approximate to the recording medium and a pulse voltage application circuit for recording are also disclosed.

Abstract: An electrode substrate and a recording medium having a smooth surface with surface unevenness of 1 nm or less and a size of 1 &mgr;m□ or more are disclosed. An electrode substrate and a recording medium having a concave-shaped groove for tracking on the surface, which groove has a depth which can detect of the tunnel current from the bottom thereof by a probe electrode for scanning the surface are also disclosed. Information processing devices equipped with the smooth recording medium, an electroconductive probe arranged approximate to the recording medium and a pulse voltage application circuit for recording are also disclosed.

Abstract: A microprobe is provided which comprises a single crystal provided on a part of one main surface of a substrate or a part of a thin film formed on one main surface of the substrate. The microprobe may have a single crystal having an apex portion surrounded by facets having a specific plane direction and comprising a specific crystal face. The method for preparing the microprobe and an electronic device employing the microprobe also provided which is useful for recording and reproducing.

Abstract: An encoder includes an electrically conductive reference scale having surface steps formed at predetermined positions; an electrically conductive probe having a tip disposed opposed to the reference scale; wherein the reference scale and the probe are relatively movable in a direction different from the opposing direction of the tip of the probe and the reference scale; a portion for applying an electrical voltage to between the reference scale and the probe; a portion for detecting a change in a tunnel current between the reference scale and the probe, to between which the electric voltage is applied by the voltage applying portion at the time of the relative movement between the scale and the probe, the detecting portion detecting the change in the tunnel current when the probe passes a position opposed to a surface step of the reference scale; and portion for detecting the amount of the relative movement between the scale and probe, on the basis of the detection by the change detecting portion.

Abstract: A recording device, comprising a probe electrode, a recording medium having electric memory effect and a writing voltage applying unit for applying voltage onto the recording medium from the probe electrode, and a reproducing device comprising a probe electrode, a recording medium exhibiting electric memory effect or a recording medium recorded by energy irradiation, a voltage applying unit for applying voltage not exceeding the threshold value voltage giving rise to electric memory effect onto the recording medium from the probe electrode and a reading unit for reading the change in current quantity passing through the recording medium.

Abstract: An apparatus for pattern processing includes a display control unit for controlling display by a CRT, a keyboard, a CPU, a RAM, and the like, the CPU being adapted to control the apparatus and incorporating a segment-information extracting unit and a boundary-position-information setting unit, wherein the segment-information extracting unit extracts segments respectively parallel with an x-axis and a y-axis of the coordinate system from a plurality of segments constituting the outline, on the basis of at least two sets of coordinates indicating a position of each of the segments, while the boundary-position-information setting unit determines a horizontal boundary position of the outline on the basis of the respective sets of coordinates indicating the position of the segment parallel with the x-axis of the coordinate system, and determines a vertical boundary position of the outline on the basis of the respective sets of coordinates indicating the position of the segment parallel with the y-axis of the coord

Abstract: An electron-emitting device comprises a substrate, an electrode provided on said substrate, an insulating layer laminated on the electrode, and a second electrode having an opening and laminated on the insulating layer in such a manner that the insulating layer is uncovered at the opening and electrons are emitted from the opening of the second electrode as a result of application of an voltage between the electrodes. An image display apparatus comprises the electron-emitting device, a modulating electrode capable of modulating an electron beam emitted from the electron-emitting device, in accordance with an information signal, and an image forming member capable of forming an image as a result of irradiation with the electron beam, these of which are successively disposed. An image forming apparatus comprises the electron-emitting device, and a means for modulating an electron beam emitted from said electron-emitting device, in accordance with an information signal.

Abstract: This invention relates to the compounds of the formula [I] which are useful for the treatment of cataracts, and the synthetic intermediates of the formula [II], ##STR1## wherein R.sup.1 is hydroxy which can be protected by a protective group;R.sup.2 is lower alkyl;R.sup.3 is hydrogen, lower alkyl, hydroxy, which can be protected by a protective group, or lower alkoxy, and the said lower alkyl can be substituted by hydroxy, which can be protected by a protective group, amino or lower alkylamino;R.sup.4 is tetrazolyl, phosphonol or lower alkyl ester thereof, or sulfonyl or lower alkyl ester thereof, andA is alkylene.

Abstract: An encoder includes an electrically conductive reference scale having surface steps formed at predetermined positions; an electrically conductive probe having a tip disposed opposed to the reference scale; wherein the reference scale and the probe are relatively movable in a direction different from the opposing direction of the tip of the probe and the reference scale; a portion for applying an electrical voltage to between the reference scale and the probe; a portion for detecting a change in a tunnel current between the reference scale and the probe, to between which the electric voltage is applied by the voltage applying portion at the time of the relative movement between the scale and the probe, the detecting portion detecting the change in the tunnel current when the probe passes a position opposed to a surface step of the reference scale; and portion for detecting the amount of the relative movement between the scale and probe, on the basis of the detection by the change detecting portion.

Abstract: A microprobe is provided which comprises a single crystal provided on a part of one main surface of a substrate or a part of a thin film formed on one main surface of the substrate. The microprobe may have a single crystal having an apex portion surrounded by facets having a specific plane direction and comprising a specific crystal face. The method for preparing the microprobe and an electronic device employing the microprobe also provided which is useful for recording and reproducing.

Abstract: A recording medium is prepared by irradiating an electron beam on a substrate following a certain pattern, then vapor depositing a metal onto the substrate to form a track comprising ultra-fine particles of the metal, further providing a metal layer on the substrate, and providing a recording layer on the metal layer. Recording is effected on a track having a preferable width of 40 .ANG. to 400 .ANG. formed on the recording surface of the medium by applying a pulse voltage or current between the medium and a probe arranged approximate thereto.

Abstract: A recording medium includes a substrate electrode, a recording layer constituted of a monomolecular film of an organic compound or a built-up film thereof, and a photoconductive thin film, laminated in this order on a substrate. The photoconductive thin film may preferably be divided to a plurality of isolated sectors. The recording medium is used in an ultra high density information processing apparatus with a probe electrode disposed close to the medium, a power source for applying a voltage between the medium and the probe electrode, and a light source for irradiating the medium.

Abstract: An information recording and/or reproducing apparatus includes a recording medium having a plurality of segmented planar electrodes, a plurality of probe electrodes respectively facing and electrically connected to the plural planar electrodes, and a circuit for independently applying a voltage for recording and/or reproducing between each pair of the planar electrodes and the probe electrodes. The information recording and/or reproducing apparatus includes a circuit for inputting information to be recorded on the recording medium. A memory other than the recording medium is used for temporarily storing the input information, and a control circuit applies the recording voltages between the plurality of probe electrodes and the segmented planar electrodes in correspondence with the information stored in the memory.

Abstract: An apparatus for producing monomolecular films or monomolecular built-up films includes: a trough for accommodating a liquid over the surface of which a monomolecular film is to be spread; a barrier band for defining a region in the trough over which the monomolecular film is allowed to be spread; and a plurality of supports for holding the barrier band within the trough, the supports being arranged at positions where they do not interfere with the surface of the liquid, wherein the loss of the monomolecular film material can be substantially reduced. Further, no local collapse of the molecular film occurs in the vicinity of the supports, thereby making it possible to always provide a uniform LB film.

Abstract: A switching device is characterized by having periodical layer structure of an organic insulator between a pair of electrodes and having memorizability with respect to switching characteristic. The layer structure is formed of an amphiphilic compound according to the LB method.

Abstract: A method of driving a device having a pair of electrodes and organic insulating layer sandwiched therebetween. The device exhibits at least three states of different electroconductivities in response to an applied voltage. A transition from the first state to the second state is achieved by applying a voltage within a first predetermined range to the device in the first state, and a transition from the second state to the third state is achieved by applying a voltage within a second predetermined range to the device in the second state.

Abstract: The present invention provides a recording medium comprising a recording layer on an electrode substrate and one or a plural number of fine lone electrode made of an electroconductive material provided on said recording layer.

Abstract: A microprobe is provided which comprises a single crystal provided on a part of one main surface of a substrate or a part of a thin film formed on one main surface of the substrate. The microprobe may have a single crystal having an apex portion surrounded by facets having a specific plane direction and comprising a specific crystal face. The method for preparing the microprobe and an electronic device employing the microprobe also provided which is useful for recording and reproducing.

Abstract: The present invention provides a recording medium comprising a recording layer on an electrode substrate and one or a plural number of fine lone electrode made of an electroconductive material provided on said recording layer.