Abstract: An image display element includes an incident diffraction grating which diffracts incident light, and an outgoing diffraction grating from which light that has propagated through the light guide plate after being diffracted by the incident diffraction grating is emitted, the incident diffraction grating and the outgoing diffraction grating being each formed by a pattern of concave-convex formed on a surface of the light guide plate, and the image display element being obtained by joining the light guide plate and a cover glass protecting the pattern of concave-convex or two or more light guide plates with an air layer therebetween by a holding member, and being configured such that the light guide plate and the cover glass are formed by a plastic material, and the holding member has an air vent through which air in the air layer and outside air communicate.

Abstract: To improve brightness of image information visually recognized by a user while using plastic for a light guide plate. An image display element includes: a substrate made of resin; an incident diffraction grating that diffracts incident light; and an exit diffraction grating that emits the light, the incident diffraction grating being formed on a first surface of the substrate, the exit diffraction grating being formed on a second surface on a side opposite to the first surface of the substrate, and the exit diffraction grating being formed on one surface.

Abstract: To improve brightness of an image to be perceived by a user and enhance visibility there is provided a light guide plate including an incident diffraction grating which diffracts incident imaging light, an exit diffraction grating through which the imaging light goes out, and an intermediate diffraction grating existing in optical paths from the incident diffraction grating to the exit diffraction grating. In this light guide plate, a periodic linear corrugated pattern is formed as the incident diffraction grating, and when an imaginary line is established that passes through an incident point of imaging light onto the incident diffraction grating and is parallel with a periodic direction of the corrugated pattern, the intermediate diffraction grating has a first region on one side of the imaginary line and a second region on another side of the imaginary line.

Abstract: To improve luminance of image information visually recognized by a user while using plastic for a light guide plate. An image display element includes: a plastic substrate; an incident diffraction grating integrally formed on a surface of the plastic substrate and configured to diffract incident video light; an emission diffraction grating integrally formed on a surface of the plastic substrate and configured to emit the video light; and a coating layer formed on the emission diffraction grating and having a thickness of 10 nm or more and 1000 nm or less and a refractive index of 1.64 or more and 2.42 or less.

Abstract: An object of the present invention is to provide a fuel cell that maintains electric generation efficiency of the fuel cell and that has high reliability in which an electrolyte film is not easily damaged. The fuel cell according to the present invention includes a stress adjusting layer covering an opening above a support substrate, and the stress adjusting layer has tensile stress with respect to the support substrate and has a columnar crystal structure in which a grain boundary extends along a direction parallel to a film thickness direction (see FIG. 2).

Abstract: An object of the present invention is to provide a fuel battery cell of a high power generation output by increasing an area of an effective power generation region contributing to power generation while ensuring mechanical strength of the fuel battery cell. The fuel battery cell according to the present invention is provided with a first and a second insulating films between a support substrate and a first electrode. The support substrate has a first opening, the first insulating film has a second opening, and the second insulating film has a third opening. An opening area of the first opening is larger than that of the second opening, and an opening area of the third opening is larger than that of the second opening (see FIG. 2).

Abstract: An object of the invention is to increase the output power of a solid oxide fuel cell by making a lower electrode layer porous so as to form a three-phase interface and reducing a thickness of a solid electrolyte layer to 1 micrometer or less. A fuel cell according to the invention includes a first electrode layer at a position where an opening formed in a board is covered, and a solid electrolyte layer having a thickness of 1000 nm or less. At least a part of a region of the first electrode layer covering the opening is porous (see FIG. 5).

Abstract: The present invention aims to reduce a failure in a fuel cell module and reduce manufacturing costs by specifying and taking countermeasures against cells in short-circuit failure from among fuel cells manufactured on a substrate by using a thin-film deposition process. In a fuel cell array according to the present invention, each fuel cell includes a solid electrolyte layer between a first electrode layer and a second electrode layer. A first wiring is connected to the second electrode layer, and a second wiring is connected to the first electrode layer through a connection element. The connection element is formed by sandwiching a conductive layer between two electrodes (refer to FIG. 8).

Abstract: An object of the present invention is to provide an optical measurement technology capable of quantitatively measuring a size distribution of a particle that performs Brownian motion in a sample. A size distribution measurement device according to the present invention measures a reflected light intensity while scanning a focal point position along an optical axis direction of measurement light, and calculates the size distribution of the particle according to the highest reflected light intensity of the measured reflected light intensities (refer to FIG. 9).

Abstract: Provided is a solid oxide fuel cell having high power generation efficiency and being operable at low temperature. A fuel cell of the present invention includes a cathode electrode, an anode electrode, and a solid electrolyte layer disposed between the cathode electrode and the anode electrode and formed from polycrystalline zirconia or polycrystalline ceria doped with divalent or trivalent positive ions and having proton conductivity, in which the cathode electrode and the solid electrolyte layer are stacked with a first oxygen ion blocking layer interposed therebetween.

Abstract: To provide an electron microscope capable of performing the switching-over between normal illumination and annular illumination, wide-area irradiation, an interference pattern as desired or normal illumination in an expeditious and readily manner or achieving a better S/N ratio, the electron microscope comprises a photocathode 101 with negative electron affinity in use; an excitation optical system to excite the photocathode; and an electron optics system to irradiate an electron beam 13 generated from the photocathode by excitation light 12 irradiated through the excitation optical system onto a sample, the excitation optical system including a light source device 107 for the excitation light; and an optical modulation means 108 which is disposed in an optical path of the excitation light to perform spatial phase modulation to the excitation light.

Abstract: To provide an electron microscope capable of performing the switching-over between normal illumination and annular illumination, wide-area irradiation, an interference pattern as desired or normal illumination in an expeditious and readily manner or achieving a better S/N ratio, the electron microscope comprises a photocathode 101 with negative electron affinity in use; an excitation optical system to excite the photocathode; and an electron optics system to irradiate an electron beam 13 generated from the photocathode by excitation light 12 irradiated through the excitation optical system onto a sample, the excitation optical system including a light source device 107 for the excitation light; and an optical modulation means 108 which is disposed in an optical path of the excitation light to perform spatial phase modulation to the excitation light.

Abstract: To provide an electron microscope capable of performing the switching-over between normal illumination and annular illumination, wide-area irradiation, an interference pattern as desired or normal illumination in an expeditious and readily manner or achieving a better S/N ratio, the electron microscope comprises a photocathode 101 with negative electron affinity in use; an excitation optical system to excite the photocathode; and an electron optics system to irradiate an electron beam 13 generated from the photocathode by excitation light 12 irradiated through the excitation optical system onto a sample, the excitation optical system including a light source device 107 for the excitation light; and an optical modulation means 108 which is disposed in an optical path of the excitation light to perform spatial phase modulation to the excitation light.

Abstract: To improve brightness of an image to be perceived by a user and enhance visibility there is provided a light guide plate including an incident diffraction grating which diffracts incident imaging light, an exit diffraction grating through which the imaging light goes out, and an intermediate diffraction grating existing in optical paths from the incident diffraction grating to the exit diffraction grating. In this light guide plate, a periodic linear corrugated pattern is formed as the incident diffraction grating, and when an imaginary line is established that passes through an incident point of imaging light onto the incident diffraction grating and is parallel with a periodic direction of the corrugated pattern, the intermediate diffraction grating has a first region on one side of the imaginary line and a second region on another side of the imaginary line.

Abstract: In order to improve a characteristic of an optical element, an optical element (polarizing filter) including a substrate 1S having a wire-grid region 1A and a peripheral region 2A positioned on an outer periphery thereof is made to have the following configuration. A wire-grid in which a plurality of line-shaped wires P10 made of Al and extending in a y direction are arranged at spaces S in an x direction is provided in the wire-grid region 1A of the substrate 1S, and a pattern (repetitive pattern) in which a plurality of protruding portions P20 made of Al are arranged is provided in the peripheral region 2A. This pattern is, for example, a checkerboard pattern. According to the above-mentioned configuration, the plurality of wires P10 can be arranged so that their respective ends are spaced apart from an end of the substrate 1S, so that the wires P10 can be prevented from being deformed and nicked.

Abstract: An objective of the present invention is to provide a technique for reducing measurement errors when measuring specimen using light. An aspect of an optical measurement method according to the present invention: acquires relationship data that describes a relationship between an intensity of reflection light when irradiating light onto a specimen and a size of the specimen; and acquires the size of the specimen using the relationship data and the intensity of the reflection light. Another aspect of an optical measurement method according to the present invention subtracts a component due to an inclination of a vessel of a specimen from a detection signal representing an intensity of reflection light when irradiating light onto the specimen, thereby correcting the inclination of the vessel.

Abstract: Provided are an optical element and an optical device using the optical element to which a manufacturing process for manufacturing a wire-grid structure can be basically applied, and besides, in which a higher polarization contrast ratio than that of a wire-grid element can be obtained. A wobbled wire element in an embodiment has a feature that a periodic structure having a period equal to or larger than a wavelength of an incident light wave is formed in a y direction. In this manner, in a wobbled wire element in a first embodiment, a polarization contrast ratio can be significantly improved.

Abstract: Provided is an optical measuring device that can realize a wide measurement region without an increase in the measurement time or a reduction in the measurement region while avoiding damage to a measurement target due to excessive light exposure, using a simple configuration. The device includes a light source, an optical splitting unit configured to split a light beam emitted from the light source into a signal beam and a reference beam, an objective lens configured to focus the signal beam and irradiate a measurement target with the signal beam, a scanning unit configured to move the focus position of the signal beam, an optical element having lower transmissivity in its peripheral portion than in its central portion, interference optics configured to combine the reference beam with the signal beam reflected or scattered by the measurement target, thereby generating interference beams, and photodetectors configured to detect the respective interference beams.

Abstract: An objective of the present invention is to provide a technique for reducing measurement errors when measuring specimen using light. An aspect of an optical measurement method according to the present invention: acquires relationship data that describes a relationship between an intensity of reflection light when irradiating light onto a specimen and a size of the specimen; and acquires the size of the specimen using the relationship data and the intensity of the reflection light. Another aspect of an optical measurement method according to the present invention subtracts a component due to an inclination of a vessel of a specimen from a detection signal representing an intensity of reflection light when irradiating light onto the specimen, thereby correcting the inclination of the vessel.

Abstract: Provided is an optical measuring device that can realize a wide measurement region without an increase in the measurement time or a reduction in the measurement region while avoiding damage to a measurement target due to excessive light exposure, using a simple configuration. The device includes a light source, an optical splitting unit configured to split a light beam emitted from the light source into a signal beam and a reference beam, an objective lens configured to focus the signal beam and irradiate a measurement target with the signal beam, a scanning unit configured to move the focus position of the signal beam, an optical element having lower transmissivity in its peripheral portion than in its central portion, interference optics configured to combine the reference beam with the signal beam reflected or scattered by the measurement target, thereby generating interference beams, and photodetectors configured to detect the respective interference beams.