Abstract: A flame retardant is provided, which has a structure represented by the following Structural Formula (I) or (II): wherein R1 and R2 each independently represent a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic group, a substituted or unsubstituted araliphatic group, a substituted or unsubstituted aliphatic group, or a substituted or unsubstituted cycloaliphatic group; R2 is R2N?C?N—R5m, wherein R5 is arylene or alkylene, and is identical or different in the repeat unit, and m is an integer from 0 to 5; n is an integer equal to or larger than 1; “” and “” respectively represent either a double bond or two single bonds, and “” and “” are not both double bonds; when “” represents a double bond, R3 is an oxygen atom; when “” represents two single bonds, R3 is R3a and R3b, in which R3a is a hydroxyl group and R3b is when “” represents a double bond, R4 is a nitrogen atom; when “” represents two single bonds, R4 is R4a and R4b, in which R4a is a secondary amino group and R4b is and R2? is attached to R4a

Abstract: A level shift circuit includes an input end, a decoding circuit, a control circuit, and a plurality of output circuits. The input end is configured to receive a coded signal string including a starting code, a setting code, a clock standard signal and an ending code. The decoding circuit is coupled to the input end for decoding the coded signal string and outputting the starting code, the setting code, the clock standard signal and the ending code respectively. The control circuit is coupled to the decoding circuit for controlling logic levels of a plurality of logic driving signals according to the setting code and the clock standard signal after receiving the starting code, and stopping changing the logic driving signals after receiving the ending code. The plurality of output circuits are coupled to the control circuit for outputting a plurality of clock signals according to the corresponding logic driving circuit.

Abstract: A frequency shift detector includes a digital control unit, a digital/analog converter, a reagent concentration detecting circuit and a frequency difference generator, wherein the digital control unit includes a control circuit and a direct digital frequency synthesizer electrically connected with the control circuit, and the control circuit comprises a reset terminal and a pulse input terminal. The digital control unit proceeds with accurate concentration detection for various samples borne on the reagent concentration detecting circuit.