Abstract: CRISPR-based diagnostic methods and compositions are provided. One embodiment provides the use of DNA-barcoded antibodies or peptide-MHC (pMHC) tetramers (e.g., Kb-OVA257-264, Db-GP10025-33, Db-GP33-41) and CRISPR-Cas protein, and a guided DNA endonuclease, to achieve ultrasensitive detection of soluble and cell surface proteins. The disclosed embodiments can use type V: Cas12a; type VI: Cas13a, or Cas13b. Combining DNA encoding with CRISPR-Cas protein recognition is a sensitive system because barcodes can be isothermally amplified and Cas, for example Cas12a, enzymatically cleaves DNA reporters upon barcode detection, providing two rounds of amplification and enabling measurement of protein concentration by sample fluorescence or using by paper-based assays.

Abstract: A semiconductor device including source/drain contacts extending into source/drain regions, below topmost surfaces of the source/drain regions, and methods of forming the same are disclosed. In an embodiment, a semiconductor device includes a semiconductor substrate; a first channel region over the semiconductor substrate; a first gate stack over the semiconductor substrate and surrounding four sides of the first channel region; a first epitaxial source/drain region adjacent the first gate stack and the first channel region; and a first source/drain contact coupled to the first epitaxial source/drain region, a bottommost surface of the first source/drain contact extending below a topmost surface of the first channel region.

Abstract: A method of forming a semiconductor device includes: forming a gate structure over a fin that protrudes above a substrate; forming source/drain regions over the fin on opposing sides of the gate structure; forming a first dielectric layer and a second dielectric layer successively over the source/drain regions; performing a first etching process to form an opening in the first dielectric layer and in the second dielectric layer, where the opening exposes an underlying electrically conductive feature; after performing the first etching process, performing a second etching process to enlarge a lower portion of the opening proximate to the substrate; and forming a contact plug in the opening after the second etching process.

Abstract: A semiconductor device and method of manufacture are provided which help to support contacts while material is removed to form air gaps. In embodiments a contact is formed with an enlarged base to help support overlying portions of the contact. In other embodiments a scaffold material may also be placed prior to the formation of the air gaps in order to provide additional support.

Abstract: A method of forming a semiconductor device includes: forming a gate structure over a fin that protrudes above a substrate; forming source/drain regions over the fin on opposing sides of the gate structure; forming a first dielectric layer and a second dielectric layer successively over the source/drain regions; performing a first etching process to form an opening in the first dielectric layer and in the second dielectric layer, where the opening exposes an underlying electrically conductive feature; after performing the first etching process, performing a second etching process to enlarge a lower portion of the opening proximate to the substrate; and forming a contact plug in the opening after the second etching process.

Abstract: A semiconductor device and method of manufacture are provided which help to support contacts while material is removed to form air gaps. In embodiments a contact is formed with an enlarged base to help support overlying portions of the contact. In other embodiments a scaffold material may also be placed prior to the formation of the air gaps in order to provide additional support.

Abstract: A semiconductor device and method of manufacture are provided which help to support contacts while material is removed to form air gaps. In embodiments a contact is formed with an enlarged base to help support overlying portions of the contact. In other embodiments a scaffold material may also be placed prior to the formation of the air gaps in order to provide additional support.

Abstract: A semiconductor device including source/drain contacts extending into source/drain regions, below topmost surfaces of the source/drain regions, and methods of forming the same are disclosed. In an embodiment, a semiconductor device includes a semiconductor substrate; a first channel region over the semiconductor substrate; a first gate stack over the semiconductor substrate and surrounding four sides of the first channel region; a first epitaxial source/drain region adjacent the first gate stack and the first channel region; and a first source/drain contact coupled to the first epitaxial source/drain region, a bottommost surface of the first source/drain contact extending below a topmost surface of the first channel region.

Abstract: A method of forming a semiconductor device includes: forming a gate structure over a fin that protrudes above a substrate; forming source/drain regions over the fin on opposing sides of the gate structure; forming a first dielectric layer and a second dielectric layer successively over the source/drain regions; performing a first etching process to form an opening in the first dielectric layer and in the second dielectric layer, where the opening exposes an underlying electrically conductive feature; after performing the first etching process, performing a second etching process to enlarge a lower portion of the opening proximate to the substrate; and forming a contact plug in the opening after the second etching process.

Abstract: A method includes forming an inter-layer dielectric over a first source/drain region and a second source/drain region. The first source/drain region and the second source/drain region are of n-type and p-type, respectively. The inter-layer dielectric is etched to form a first contact opening and a second contact opening, with the first source/drain region and the second source/drain region exposed to the first contact opening and the second contact opening, respectively. A process gas is used to etch back the first source/drain region and the second source/drain region simultaneously, and a first etching rate of the first source/drain region is higher than a second etching rate of the second source/drain region. A first silicide region and a second silicide region are formed on the first source/drain region and the second source/drain region, respectively.

Abstract: A method includes forming an inter-layer dielectric over a first source/drain region and a second source/drain region. The first source/drain region and the second source/drain region are of n-type and p-type, respectively. The inter-layer dielectric is etched to form a first contact opening and a second contact opening, with the first source/drain region and the second source/drain region exposed to the first contact opening and the second contact opening, respectively. A process gas is used to etch back the first source/drain region and the second source/drain region simultaneously, and a first etching rate of the first source/drain region is higher than a second etching rate of the second source/drain region. A first silicide region and a second silicide region are formed on the first source/drain region and the second source/drain region, respectively.

Abstract: A method includes forming an inter-layer dielectric over a first source/drain region and a second source/drain region. The first source/drain region and the second source/drain region are of n-type and p-type, respectively. The inter-layer dielectric is etched to form a first contact opening and a second contact opening, with the first source/drain region and the second source/drain region exposed to the first contact opening and the second contact opening, respectively. A process gas is used to etch back the first source/drain region and the second source/drain region simultaneously, and a first etching rate of the first source/drain region is higher than a second etching rate of the second source/drain region. A first silicide region and a second silicide region are formed on the first source/drain region and the second source/drain region, respectively.

Abstract: A method includes forming an inter-layer dielectric over a first source/drain region and a second source/drain region. The first source/drain region and the second source/drain region are of n-type and p-type, respectively. The inter-layer dielectric is etched to form a first contact opening and a second contact opening, with the first source/drain region and the second source/drain region exposed to the first contact opening and the second contact opening, respectively. A process gas is used to etch back the first source/drain region and the second source/drain region simultaneously, and a first etching rate of the first source/drain region is higher than a second etching rate of the second source/drain region. A first silicide region and a second silicide region are formed on the first source/drain region and the second source/drain region, respectively.

Abstract: This invention discloses the synthesis of a bifunctional La0.6Ca0.4Co1-xIrxO3 (x=0˜1) perovskite compound with a superb bifunctional catalytic ability for the oxygen reduction and generation in alkaline electrolytes. Synthetic routes demonstrated include solid state reaction, amorphous citrate precursor, and mechanical alloying. The interested compound demonstrates notable enhancements over commercially available La0.6Ca0.4CoO3.

Abstract: This invention discloses the synthesis of a bifunctional La0.6Ca0.4Co1-xIrxO3 (x=0˜1) perovskite compound with a superb bifunctional catalytic ability for the oxygen reduction and generation in alkaline electrolytes. Synthetic routes demonstrated include solid state reaction, amorphous citrate precursor, and mechanical alloying. The interested compound demonstrates notable enhancements over commercially available La0.6Ca0.4CoO3.

Abstract: The invention provides liquid crystal composites including a liquid crystal with a layered inorganic material and a photosensitive polymer dispersed therein. The layered inorganic layer reduces threshold voltage and enhances grating diffraction efficiency of the liquid crystal. The invention also provides a liquid crystal with a layered inorganic material dispersed in the liquid crystal, and a modified layered material MgAl—K2 LDH.

Abstract: The invention provides liquid crystal composites including a liquid crystal with a layered inorganic material and a photosensitive polymer dispersed therein. The layered inorganic layer reduces threshold voltage and enhances grating diffraction efficiency of the liquid crystal. The invention also provides a liquid crystal with a layered inorganic material dispersed in the liquid crystal, and a modified layered material MgAl—K2 LDH.