Abstract: A method of decoding a syntax element for a current coding unit of video data is performed by an electronic apparatus. The electronic apparatus identifies, for the current coding unit, an above coding unit and a coding tree unit including the current coding unit. After determining that the above coding unit is within the coding tree unit, the electronic apparatus decodes, from a video bitstream, a corresponding syntax element for the current coding unit based, at least in part, on a syntax element associated with the above coding unit retrieved from a line buffer associated with the coding tree unit; otherwise, the electronic apparatus decodes, from the video bitstream, the corresponding syntax element for the current coding unit based, at least in part, on a default value assigned to the syntax element associated with the above coding unit.

Abstract: Provided is a method that achieves control of embryoid body size and can induce differentiation in a state where the embryoid body size is controlled, by using a cell culture chamber having a plurality of microchambers formed therein. A culture method for causing differentiation of pluripotent mammalian cells uses a cell culture chamber (10) having a plurality of microchambers (11) formed on a culture surface. The cell culture chamber (10) has a culture surface formed of spaces in which the microchambers (11) have a space structure with a height of 10 ?m to 500 ?m and a bottom area of 100 ?m2 to 1 mm2. The culture method for causing differentiation of pluripotent mammalian cells includes culturing pluripotent mammalian cells to obtain a cell population at least partially differentiated into endoderm lineage cells, by using the cell culture chambers (10).

Abstract: A revised technique for preparing human tissues and organs aiming at application to medical use is provided. With this technique, function per cell is greatly improved and great reduction in production cost is realized. A method of preparing an organ bud, comprising culturing vascular endothelial cells, mesenchymal cells and a tissue or organ cell in vitro in the presence of blood cells. Also provided are an organ bud prepared by the above method and a method of preparing a tissue or an organ using the organ bud. Using the same organ bud, there are provided a method of transplanting an organ bud, a method of regeneration or function recovery of a tissue or an organ, a method of preparing a non-human chimeric animal, and a method of evaluating a drug.

Abstract: The present invention provides (1) a method for producing a non-human animal having a humanized liver, comprising transplanting human hepatic stem cells and/or hepatic progenitor cells and/or immature hepatocytes to a liver-damaged non-human animal to induce the differentiation of the cells into hepatocytes, (2) a non-human animal having a humanized liver, produced by the method, (3) a method for examining the pharmacokinetics and/or hepatotoxicity of a test substance, comprising using the animal, (4) a method for producing human hepatocytes, comprising transplanting human hepatic stem cells and/or hepatic progenitor cells and/or immature hepatocytes to a liver-damaged non-human animal to induce the differentiation of the cells into hepatocytes, and (5) a method for examining the pharmacokinetics and/or hepatotoxicity of a test substance, comprising using human hepatocytes produced by the method.

Abstract: Provided is a cell culture method whereby an in vivo function can be sustained over a long period of time and culture can be conducted using the minimum number of cells required. The cell culture method includes culturing undifferentiated cells in a layered state in a partitioned micro-space and obtains differentiated cells. When screening a pharmaceutical agent, undifferentiated cells capable of differentiating into liver cells, intestinal epithelial cells, nerve cells, myocardial cells and vascular endothelial cells are preferred. Particularly, in the prediction of pharmacokinetics or the like for humans, human cells are preferred.

Abstract: The present invention provides (1) a method for producing a non-human animal having a humanized liver, comprising transplanting human hepatic stem cells and/or hepatic progenitor cells and/or immature hepatocytes to a liver-damaged non-human animal to induce the differentiation of the cells into hepatocytes, (2) a non-human animal having a humanized liver, produced by the method, (3) a method for examining the pharmacokinetics and/or hepatotoxicity of a test substance, comprising using the animal, (4) a method for producing human hepatocytes, comprising transplanting human hepatic stem cells and/or hepatic progenitor cells and/or immature hepatocytes to a liver-damaged non-human animal to induce the differentiation of the cells into hepatocytes, and (5) a method for examining the pharmacokinetics and/or hepatotoxicity of a test substance, comprising using human hepatocytes produced by the method.

Abstract: Provided is a method that achieves control of embryoid body size and can induce differentiation in a state where the embryoid body size is controlled, by using a cell culture chamber having a plurality of microchambers formed therein. A culture method for causing differentiation of pluripotent mammalian cells uses a cell culture chamber (10) having a plurality of microchambers (11) formed on a culture surface. The cell culture chamber (10) has a culture surface formed of spaces in which the microchambers (11) have a space structure with a height of 10 ?m to 500 ?m and a bottom area of 100 ?m2 to 1 mm2. The culture method for causing differentiation of pluripotent mammalian cells includes culturing pluripotent mammalian cells to obtain a cell population at least partially differentiated into endoderm lineage cells, by using the cell culture chambers (10).

Abstract: The present invention provides a human hepatic stem cell which is sorted based on the presence or absence of the expression of at least one marker selected from the group consisting of CD318, CD90, CD66 and CD13. A method of preparing the human hepatic stem cell, a method of inducing differentiation of the same and a method of using the same are also provided.

Abstract: Provided is a cell culture method whereby an in vivo function can be sustained over a long period of time and culture can be conducted using the minimum number of cells required. The cell culture method includes culturing undifferentiated cells in a layered state in a partitioned micro-space and obtains differentiated cells. When screening a pharmaceutical agent, undifferentiated cells capable of differentiating into liver cells, intestinal epithelial cells, nerve cells, myocardial cells and vascular endothelial cells are preferred. Particularly, in the prediction of pharmacokinetics or the like for humans, human cells are preferred.