Abstract: This application provides a pilot signal transmission method and a related apparatus. The method includes: A first device determines a first frequency band to which a discrete RU allocated to the first device belongs; and the first device sends a first pilot signal of the first device to a second device on all pilot subcarriers included in the first frequency band. According to embodiments of this application, problems such as narrowband interference and frequency selective fading are avoided, and pilot signal transmission reliability is improved.

Abstract: This application provides a method for sending data in a wireless network, and a related apparatus. The method includes: A first device determines a distributed RU allocated to the first device, where the distributed RU includes data subcarriers and pilot subcarriers, all subcarriers of one distributed RU are distributed on a first frequency band, a size of the first frequency band is 20 MHz, the first frequency band includes a maximum of 18 pilot subcarriers that are disposed at an interval, a quantity of pilot subcarriers included in one distributed RU is greater than or equal to 2, and at least two pilot subcarriers included in one distributed RU are spaced by at least M pilot subcarriers; and the first device sends a physical layer protocol data unit PPDU on the distributed RU.

Abstract: In the method, an access point AP receives action information separately reported by N stations STAs, where N pieces of action information are used to determine a training result of a first neural network of each STA, and N is a positive integer. The AP determines the training result of the first neural network of each STA based on the N pieces of action information, and sends the training result of the first neural network of each STA to the corresponding STA. The training result of the first neural network of each STA is determined based on the action information reported by the N STAs, instead of only the action information of the STA. This can improve a prediction capability of the first neural network, help improve a capability of each STA to predict channel access behavior of another STA, and improve a system throughput and reduce a communication latency.

Abstract: A method includes generating quality of service requirement information which includes packet loss rate indication information. The packet loss rate indication information includes an acceptable maximum packet loss rate and a reference number of service data packets. The reference number of service data packets indicates a reference measurement number for counting the packet loss rate. The method also includes sending the quality of service requirement information.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to feedback methods and apparatuses. In one example method, a first communication apparatus may receive first information. The first information includes at least one of channel state information (CSI) measurement quantity indication information for channel variation calculation, a CSI type and a rule that are for the channel variation calculation, or a feedback suggestion parameter. The feedback suggestion parameter indicates a suggested feedback form. The first information is used to select a second communication apparatus. The first communication apparatus may determine, based on the first information, whether to trigger the second communication apparatus/apparatuses to send a feedback result. Correspondingly, the first communication apparatus receives the feedback result.

Abstract: A method includes: An access point generates an NDPA frame, where the NDPA frame includes a station information field, and the station information field includes an AID subfield indicating an association identifier AID of a station; the station information field further includes a partial bandwidth information subfield; the partial bandwidth information subfield indicates an RU that is in a bandwidth corresponding to the NDPA frame and for which the station needs to feed back channel state information; and the bandwidth corresponding to the NDPA frame is greater than 160 MHz. The access point transmits the NDPA frame.

Abstract: A method includes: A station receives a trigger frame from an access point. The trigger frame is used to trigger the station to perform EHT TB PPDU transmission, the trigger frame further indicates a resource unit allocated to the station, and the trigger frame includes first indication information indicating that the station can perform EHT TB PPDU transmission on a portion of the allocated resource unit. The station sends an EHT TB PPDU based on an indication of the first indication information.

Abstract: This application relates to the field of wireless communication, and in particular, to individually addressed traffic indication methods and apparatuses applicable to multiple links, for example, in a wireless local area network supporting an 802.11be standard. In an example method, a first access point (AP) of a first access point multi-link device (AP MLD) generates and sends individually addressed traffic indication information. The individually addressed traffic indication information is used to indicate whether a non-AP MLD associated with the first AP MLD has a downlink individually addressed traffic and whether a non-AP MLD associated with a second AP MLD has a downlink individually addressed traffic. The second AP MLD is an AP MLD to which a non-transmitted AP belongs. The non-transmitted AP is in a multiple basic service set identifier (BSSID) set in which the first AP is located.

Abstract: Precise polarimetric imaging of polarization-sensitive nanoparticles is essential to resolving their accurate spatial positions beyond the diffraction limit. However, conventional technologies typically employ mechanically rotated optical components, causing beam deviation errors that cannot be corrected beyond the diffraction limit. To overcome this limitation, a spatially stable nano-imaging system is presented for polarization-sensitive nanoparticles. In this disclosure, it is demonstrated that by integrating a voltage-tunable polarizer into optical microscopy, one is able to achieve high precision nano-imaging without mechanically induced image shift. It is also demonstrated that by integrating a voltage-tunable polarizer into photographic imaging system, one can achieve high-speed suppression of reflection glare and/or high-speed variation light exposure to the imager.

Abstract: A protective tube for sealed introduction into a process vessel at a process vessel port, the protective tube comprising a sealing base element which is connected onto the process vessel port and an elongate body with a bore. The elongate body comprises a closed distal end and an open proximal end, which is sealingly connected onto the sealing base element. The protective tube also comprises a receiving part, which is connected or attached onto the elongate body inside the process vessel so as to receive and hold a secondary temperature sensor from inside the process vessel. In addition, a reference temperature sensor is insertable into the bore from outside the process vessel. Also provided is a temperature measurement arrangement and a method for a temperature measurement in a process vessel.

Abstract: A method is presented for reducing glare in images captured by an imaging system. As a starting point, multiple images of a scene are captured by an imaging system to form a set of images, where the imaging system includes a voltage tunable polarizer and each image in the set of images is captured with the voltage tunable polarizer set at a different polarization angle. The method further includes: partitioning each image in the set of images into a plurality of segments; for corresponding segments in the set of images, determining an amount of change in intensity across corresponding segments of images; quantifying the amount of intensity change for each image in the set of images; and identifying a given image from the set of images based on the quantified amount of intensity change, where the given image has least amount of intensity change amongst the set of images.

Abstract: An image reconstruction method includes capturing a reference image of the specimen and capturing a set of original images based on the reference image. The method includes generating a set of analyzed images based on the set of original images by determining an intensity distribution for each pixel of each original image of the set of original images and combining the intensity distribution at each pixel location across the set of original images into an intermediate image. The method includes, identifying an object in the intermediate image. In response to identifying the object in the intermediate image, determining an intensity value of the object in each original image of the set of original images and generating an improved image of the object based on the determined intensity value of the object. The method includes generating a final image including the improved image of the object and displaying the final image.

Abstract: A thermocouple sensing structure for measurement of a temperature distribution inside of a vessel (10) filled fully or partially with multi-phase fluid consisting of residue oil, hydrogen, cracked oil/gas products, sulfur, catalyst particles or catalyst droplets, etc., the thermocouple sensing structure consists of a support structure (1) and a number of thermocouple sensing elements (3), the thermocouple sensing elements (3) are partially or fully covered by the support structure (1), and wherein the closed tip (3B,3C,3D,3M) of the thermocouple sensing element (3) is passed through the support structure (1) to the inside of the vessel (10). And a support structure (1) for fixation of a thermocouple sensing element (3) in a vessel (10), in particular suitable for use in thermocouple sensing structure, the support structure (1) has a protection portion for protection of at least a lower portion of at least one thermocouple sensing element (3) relative to an upward flow direction of a fluid in the vessel (10).

Abstract: Precise polarimetric imaging of polarization-sensitive nanoparticles is essential to resolving their accurate spatial positions beyond the diffraction limit. However, conventional technologies typically employ mechanically rotated optical components, causing beam deviation errors that cannot be corrected beyond the diffraction limit. To overcome this limitation, a spatially stable nano-imaging system is presented for polarization-sensitive nanoparticles. In this disclosure, it is demonstrated that by integrating a voltage-tunable polarizer into optical microscopy, one is able to achieve high precision nano-imaging without mechanically induced image shift. It is also demonstrated that by integrating a voltage-tunable polarizer into photographic imaging system, one can achieve high-speed suppression of reflection glare and/or high-speed variation light exposure to the imager.

Abstract: A method is presented for reducing glare in images captured by an imaging system. As a starting point, multiple images of a scene are captured by an imaging system to form a set of images, where the imaging system includes a voltage tunable polarizer and each image in the set of images is captured with the voltage tunable polarizer set at a different polarization angle. The method further includes: partitioning each image in the set of images into a plurality of segments; for corresponding segments in the set of images, determining an amount of change in intensity across corresponding segments of images; quantifying the amount of intensity change for each image in the set of images; and identifying a given image from the set of images based on the quantified amount of intensity change, where the given image has least amount of intensity change amongst the set of images.

Abstract: An image reconstruction method includes capturing a reference image of the specimen and capturing a set of original images based on the reference image. The method includes generating a set of analyzed images based on the set of original images by determining an intensity distribution for each pixel of each original image of the set of original images and combining the intensity distribution at each pixel location across the set of original images into an intermediate image. The method includes, identifying an object in the intermediate image. In response to identifying the object in the intermediate image, determining an intensity value of the object in each original image of the set of original images and generating an improved image of the object based on the determined intensity value of the object. The method includes generating a final image including the improved image of the object and displaying the final image.

Abstract: A nanoscale temperature sensor is presented that is based on mechano-optical sensing. The temperature sensor features a nanoscale bilayer sensing member with a footprint of <100 nm. The sensing member is composed of two layers of materials with similar elastic modulus but different coefficients of thermal expansion. This difference in coefficients of thermal expansion causes the sensing member to mechanically deform upon temperature change. The deformation of the sensing member alters its optical properties, allowing the temperature measurement to be achieved by far field imaging with high throughput. Both the mechanical and optical properties of the sensing member are reversible thus allow stable and repeatable measurement.

Abstract: Hydrocarbon feed to a catalytic reactor can be heat exchanged with flue gas from a catalyst regenerator. This innovation enables recovery of more energy from flue gas thus resulting in a lower flue gas discharge temperature. As a result, other hot hydrocarbon streams conventionally used to preheat hydrocarbon feed can now be used to generate more high pressure steam.

Abstract: Hydrocarbon feed to a catalytic reactor can be heat exchanged with flue gas from a catalyst regenerator. This innovation enables recovery of more energy from flue gas thus resulting in a lower flue gas discharge temperature. As a result, other hot hydrocarbon streams conventionally used to preheat hydrocarbon feed can now be used to generate more high pressure steam.

Abstract: Hydrocarbon feed to a catalytic reactor can be heat exchanged with flue gas from a catalyst regenerator. This innovation enables recovery of more energy from flue gas thus resulting in a lower flue gas discharge temperature. As a result, other hot hydrocarbon streams conventionally used to preheat hydrocarbon feed can now be used to generate more high pressure steam.