Abstract: A light emitting element may include a first electrode, an electron transport region on the first electrode and including metal nanoparticles, an emission layer on the electron transport region and including quantum dots, a hole transport region on the emission layer, and a second electrode disposed on the hole transport region. The metal nanoparticle may include a core including a metal oxide composed of zinc (Zn), magnesium (Mg), oxygen (O) and a first component, and a ligand bonded to the core and derived from an ionic compound represented by Formula 1. The first component may include sodium (Na) or lithium (Li). Accordingly, the light emitting element of an embodiment may show high efficiency and long lifetime.

Abstract: A light emitting element of an embodiment includes a first electrode, a hole transport region on the first electrode, an emission layer on the hole transport region, an electron transport region on the emission layer, and a second electrode on the electron transport region, the electron transport region includes a nanoparticle including a nanoparticle core and a ligand, the nanoparticle core includes a core compound represented by Formula 1, and the ligand is bonded to the surface of the nanoparticle core and represented by Formula 2 or Formula 3.

Abstract: A quantum dot complex according to an embodiment comprises a quantum dot; and a ligand bound to a surface of the quantum dot, wherein the surface of the quantum dot is provided with a plurality of coupling parts to which the ligand is bound; wherein the plurality of coupling parts include a first coupling part and a second coupling part. The ligand includes a first ligand bound to the first coupling part and a second ligand bound to the second coupling part, wherein the second ligand includes a halogen element. The halogen element is contained in an amount of 1 at % to 12 at % to the total content of the quantum dot complex.

Abstract: A quantum dot includes: a nanoparticle; and a ligand represented by Formula 1 on a surface of the nanoparticle: A1 is an anchoring group linked to the surface of the nanoparticle, and A1 may be selected from groups represented by Formulae A-1 to A-4: wherein * in Formulae A-1 to A-4 indicates a binding site to a neighboring atom.

Abstract: A method of observing Auger recombination of quantum dots in an Electron-Only Device (EOD) including preparing an EOD device, wherein the EOD device includes quantum dots, applying a current to the EOD device and observing negative trions formed in the EOD device. Additionally, a method of observing Auger recombination of quantum dots in a Hole-Only Device (HOD) including preparing an HOD device, wherein the HOD device includes quantum dots, applying a current to the HOD device and observing positive trions formed in the HOD device.

Abstract: A quantum dot includes: a nanoparticle; and a ligand represented by Formula 1 on a surface of the nanoparticle: A1 is an anchoring group linked to the surface of the nanoparticle, and A1 may be selected from groups represented by Formulae A-1 to A-4: wherein * in Formulae A-1 to A-4 indicates a binding site to a neighboring atom.

Abstract: Embodiments provide is a quantum dot composition that includes quantum dots, a cross-linking agent including four or more moieties represented by Formula A, and a mixed solvent including a first solvent, a second solvent, and a third solvent. The second solvent has a higher boiling point than the first solvent, the second solvent has a lower surface tension than the first solvent, and the third solvent includes a compound represented by Formula 3. Formula A and Formula 3 are explained in the specification: Ar2—R2.

Abstract: An ink composition includes a first solvent, a second solvent, a first electron transport material and a second electron transport material. The first electron transport material includes a metal oxide, and a ligand disposed on a surface of the metal oxide. The second electron transport material includes a metal oxide, and a ligand positioned on a surface of the metal oxide. The ligand of the first electron transport material and the ligand of the second electron transport material are different from each other. A difference in a length of the ligand of the first electron transport material and a length of the ligand of the second electron transport material is three or more atoms.

Abstract: A light emitting device includes: a first electrode that is a reflective electrode; a first electron transport layer disposed on the first electrode; a second electron transport layer disposed on the first electron transport layer; an emission layer disposed on the second electron transport layer, and a second electrode positioned on the emission layer and that is a transflective electrode, wherein the first electron transport layer and the second electron transport layer include different metal oxides, and a thickness of the first electron transport layer is greater than a thickness of the second electron transport layer.

Abstract: Embodiments provide a ligand compound, an inorganic nanoparticle-composite including the ligand compound, an ink composition for a light-emitting device including the inorganic nanoparticle-composite, a light-emitting device including a layer formed of the ink composition, and an electronic apparatus including the light-emitting device.

Abstract: A metal oxide nanoparticle includes a compound represented by Chemical Formula 1 and an alkyl amine ligand having 8 to 18 carbon atoms positioned on a surface of the compound. In Chemical Formula 1, M may be one selected from among Ca, Zr, Al, Li, Mg, Ni, Y, W, Co, and Ga.

Abstract: A method for producing a quantum dot composition includes providing a preliminary quantum dot composition containing a quantum dot to which a ligand is bonded and a free ligand, providing an adsorbent to the preliminary quantum dot composition, adsorbing the free ligand to the adsorbent, and removing a modified adsorbent to which the free ligand is adsorbed to provide a purified quantum dot composition. A light emitting element including the purified quantum dot composition may have superior luminous efficiency.

Abstract: A light-emitting device includes a first electrode, an electron transport layer disposed on the first electrode, a light-emitting layer disposed on the electron transport layer, a hole transport layer disposed on the light-emitting layer, and a second electrode disposed on the hole transport layer. The light-emitting layer includes quantum dots, and metal thiolate carboxylate ligands are disposed on surfaces of the quantum dots.

Abstract: A quantum dot composition includes a quantum dot, a ligand to bind to a surface of the quantum dot, an additive having an amine group, and a precursor comprising an organometallic compound, the composition forming a modified quantum dot having a reformed surface characteristic. A light emitting element including the modified quantum dot may have improved lifespan, luminous efficiency, and material stability.

Abstract: A metal oxide nanoparticle includes a ligand linked to a surface of the metal oxide nanoparticle, where the ligand includes a first ligand and a second ligand, the first ligand includes a C1-C60 alkylamine compound and/or a C2-C60 alkenylamine compound, and the second ligand includes a C6-C60 alkylthiol compound and/or a phosphine compound.

Abstract: Provided is a light emitting element according to embodiments which includes a body including a semiconductor layer and an active layer, and a ligand including a head portion bonded to a surface of the body, an end portion spaced apart from the body, and having a positive or a negative charge, and a chain portion connecting the head portion and the end portion.

Abstract: A quantum dot may include a core including indium (In) and A1, and a first shell covering the core, wherein A1 may be a group III element other than indium, a ratio of a radius of the core to a thickness of the first shell may be in a range of about 1:1 to about 9:1, and the quantum dot may emit blue light having a maximum emission wavelength in a range of about 440 nanometers (nm) to about 480 nm.

Abstract: A quantum dot composition includes a quantum dot, a ligand to bind to a surface of the quantum dot, an additive having an amine group, and a precursor comprising an organometallic compound, the composition forming a modified quantum dot having a reformed surface characteristic. A light emitting element including the modified quantum dot may have improved lifespan, luminous efficiency, and material stability.

Abstract: A quantum dot includes a core and a plurality of shell layers surrounding the core. The core has a band gap less than that of the outermost shell layer, and the outermost shell layer has a band gap less than that of a second shell layer. Thus, a light emitting device including the quantum dot according to an embodiment may have an improved lifespan of the device and excellent luminous efficiency characteristics.

Abstract: A quantum dot ligand, a quantum dot complex including the same, a quantum dot composition including the quantum dot complex, and a light-emitting device including the quantum dot complex are provided. The quantum dot ligand is a polymer including: a first unit having a functional group having a charge transport function; and a second unit having at least one crosslinkable functional group and at least one functional group capable of binding to a quantum dot.