Abstract: A method of increasing PGC-1? expression in a mammalian cell, the method comprising administering an effective amount of indoprofen, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a solvate thereof to the cell.

Abstract: A semiconductor device includes an active pillar on a substrate. A first source/drain region is disposed at a top end of the active pillar and has a greater width than the active pillar. A first insulating layer is disposed on a sidewall of the active pillar and a second insulating layer is disposed on at least a bottom surface of the first source/drain region. A gate electrode is disposed on the first insulating layer and the second insulating layer. A second source/drain region is disposed in the substrate at a bottom end of the active pillar. Methods of fabrication are also described.

Abstract: A semiconductor substrate includes a plurality of gate electrodes crossing active patterns on a substrate and extending in a second direction, the gate electrodes spaced apart in the second direction from each other, a gate separation pattern having a major axis in the first direction and between two of the gate electrodes, the two of the gate electrodes adjacent to each other in the second direction, and a plurality of gate spacers covering sidewalls of respective ones of the gate electrodes, the gate spacers crossing the gate separation pattern and extending in the second direction. The gate separation pattern includes a lower portion extending in the first direction, an intermediate portion protruding from the lower portion and having a first width, and an upper portion between two adjacent gate spacers and protruding from the intermediate portion, the upper portion having a second width less than the first width.

Abstract: A semiconductor device includes an active pillar on a substrate. A first source/drain region is disposed at a top end of the active pillar and has a greater width than the active pillar. A first insulating layer is disposed on a sidewall of the active pillar and a second insulating layer is disposed on at least a bottom surface of the first source/drain region. A gate electrode is disposed on the first insulating layer and the second insulating layer. A second source/drain region is disposed in the substrate at a bottom end of the active pillar. Methods of fabrication are also described.

Abstract: A semiconductor device includes an active pillar on a substrate. A first source/drain region is disposed at a top end of the active pillar and has a greater width than the active pillar. A first insulating layer is disposed on a sidewall of the active pillar and a second insulating layer is disposed on at least a bottom surface of the first source/drain region. A gate electrode is disposed on the first insulating layer and the second insulating layer. A second source/drain region is disposed in the substrate at a bottom end of the active pillar. Methods of fabrication are also described.

Abstract: A semiconductor device includes an active pillar on a substrate. A first source/drain region is disposed at a top end of the active pillar and has a greater width than the active pillar. A first insulating layer is disposed on a sidewall of the active pillar and a second insulating layer is disposed on at least a bottom surface of the first source/drain region. A gate electrode is disposed on the first insulating layer and the second insulating layer. A second source/drain region is disposed in the substrate at a bottom end of the active pillar. Methods of fabrication are also described.

Abstract: A method of accelerating remyelination or suppressing demyelination of neurons in a mammal, and a method of treating a disease associated with demyelination of neurons in a mammal.

Abstract: A method of preventing or treating a disease associated with demyelination of a nerve cell in a mammal, a method of promoting remyelination or suppressing demyelination of a nerve cell in a mammal, and a method of reducing expression of PMP22 in a nerve cell of a mammal by administration of 2,5-dihydroxybenzenesulfonic acid or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.

Abstract: A method of inducing Parkin expression; inhibiting oxidative stress; and inhibiting cell death of cells by administering deferasirox, hydrocortisone, ketorolac, dexamethasone, and prednisone, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, derivative, or solvate thereof to the cell, optionally in a subject, as well as a method of preventing or treating neurodegenerative disease in the subject.

Abstract: A method of increasing PGC-1? expression in a mammalian cell, the method comprising administering an effective amount of indoprofen, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a solvate thereof to the cell.

Abstract: A method of preventing or treating a disease associated with demyelination of a nerve cell in a mammal, a method of promoting remyelination or suppressing demyelination of a nerve cell in a mammal, and a method of reducing expression of PMP22 in a nerve cell of a mammal by administration of 2,5-dihydroxybenzenesulfonic acid or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.

Abstract: A method of accelerating remyelination or suppressing demyelination of neurons in a mammal, and a method of treating a disease associated with demyelination of neurons in a mammal.