Abstract: Cerebral and retinal perfusion monitoring devices, systems, and methods, are described. Such devices, systems, and methods can be used during surgical procedures, including cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass and spine surgery in prone position, to monitor a patient's brain perfusion in real time. In some embodiments, such monitoring allows trends in perfusion over time to be assessed. Such monitoring allows appropriate medical interventions to be undertaken in the event a state of hypoperfusion is detected, thereby reducing risks of brain hypoperfusion and stroke for patients undergoing heart surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass, as well as minimizing risk of retinal artery thrombosis with resulting blindness for patients undergoing prolonged procedures in the prone position.

Abstract: This invention relates to a method for the inhibition of the metabolic activity of cytochrome P450 enzymes by topical administration of a cytochrome P450 inhibitor. Particularly, this invention relates to a method for inhibition of the metabolic activity of cytochrome P450 in the lungs or nasal membranes of a patient by topical administration of a cytochrome P450 inhibitor by inhalation. The effect of the inhibition of cytochrome P450 activity is the increase in the localized concentration of administered or endogenous steroids normally metabolized by the cytochrome P450. This increased concentration of steroid results in the more effective treatment of inflammatory conditions of the lungs and nasal membranes.