Abstract: A digital-to-analog conversion, including: converting signal Y using word X=M+???N having length ?=?+? digits, where M is high order digits of ? long control word X, ???N is low order digits of ? long control word X, wherein ???; subjecting analog signal Z to three conversions, wherein, in the first conversion, signal Z1 is proportional to M? long high order digits of X, and to reference signal Y1, where Z1=Y1×M, in the second and third conversions, signals Z2 and Z3 are proportional to N? long low order digits of X and to signals Y1 and Y2, respectively, where Z2=Y1×N, and Z3=Y2×N, wherein, before the conversions, ???N low order digits of X are multiplied by ??; and adding Z1, Z2, Z3 to generate output signal Z0, wherein Y1 and Y2 relate by Y2=Y1(1±???), wherein ? is the base of the numbering system, ? is the number of digits, by which ???N is shifted.

Abstract: A method of Vernier digital-to-analog conversion, the method including: performing conversion of a reference signal Y using a control code X=M+???N with a length ?=?+?, wherein M is a control code with a length ?, including high-order bits of the control code X, and ???N is a control code with a length ?, including lower-order bits of the control code X, wherein ???; performing digital multiplication of the lower-order a??N bits of the control code X by a? times algebraic summing ? of the high-order bits of the control code X and ? of the lower-order bits of a??N of the control code X being a result of multiplication by a? times, according to formula Q=M±N, wherein N is a resulting digital code of the digital multiplication, and Q is a resulting digital code of M±N; converting the resulting digital code Q from a reference signal Y1 to an analog signal Z1, and converting the resulting digital code N from a reference signal Y2 to an analog signal Z2, wherein reference signals Y1 and Y2 are related by a ratio: Y

Abstract: A digital-to-analog conversion, including: converting signal Y using word X=M+a?aN having length ?=?+? digits, where M is high order digits of a long control word X, a?aN is low order digits of ? long control word X, wherein ???; subjecting analog signal Z to three conversions, wherein, in the first conversion, signal Z1 is proportional to M? long high order digits of X, and to reference signal Y1, where Z1=Y1×M, in the second and third conversions, signals Z2 and Z3 are proportional to N? long low order digits of X and to signals Y1 and Y2, respectively, where Z2=Y1×N, and Z3=Y2×N, wherein, before the conversions, a?aN low order digits of X are multiplied by aa; and adding Z1, Z2, Z3 to generate output signal Z0, wherein Y1 and Y2 relate by Y2=Y1(1±a?a), wherein a is the base of the numbering system, ? is the number of digits, by which a?aN is shifted.

Abstract: A method of Vernier digital-to-analog conversion, the method including: performing conversion of a reference signal Y using a control code X=M+???N with a length ?=?+?, wherein M is a control code with a length ?, including high-order bits of the control code X, and ???N is a control code with a length ?, including lower-order bits of the control code X, wherein ???; performing digital multiplication of the lower-order a??N bits of the control code X by a? times algebraic summing ? of the high-order bits of the control code X and ? of the lower-order bits of a??N of the control code X being a result of multiplication by a? times, according to formula Q=M±N, wherein Nis a resulting digital code of the digital multiplication, and Q is a resulting digital code of M±N; converting the resulting digital code Q from a reference signal Y1 to an analog signal Z1, and converting the resulting digital code N from a reference signal Y2 to an analog signal Z2, wherein reference signals Y1 and Y2 are related by a ratio: Y2