Abstract: A method is provided for collecting a compound of formula (III) (in which R31 is a monovalent to trivalent organic group and n31 is an integer of 1 to 3) from a liquid phase component that is formed as a by-product in a method for producing a compound of general formula (I) (in which R11 is a monovalent to trivalent organic group and n11 is an integer of 1 to 3), wherein the collection method contains steps (1) to (3) or steps (A) and (B), and step (4). Step (1): a step for reacting the liquid phase component with at least one active hydrogen-containing compound in a reactor. Step (2): a step for returning a condensed liquid obtained by cooling gas phase components in the reactor to the reactor. Step (3): a step for discharging gas phase components that are not condensed in the step (2) to the outside of the reactor. Step (A): a step for mixing the liquid phase component, water, and a compound of general formula (III). Step (B): a step for reacting the liquid phase component with water inside the reactor.

Abstract: Provided is a method for producing an isocyanate compound, including a step (1) of reacting a primary amine compound with a carbonic acid derivative to obtain an N-substituted carbamate compound while extracting a by-product compound having a boiling point lower than a boiling point of the N-substituted carbamate compound, a step (2) of performing thermal decomposition of the N-substituted carbamate compound on a reaction solution obtained in the step (1) in the presence of an aprotic solvent to obtain an isocyanate compound while extracting a by-product hydroxy compound, a step (3) of separating the isocyanate compound and the aprotic solvent from a reaction solution obtained in the step (2), and a step (4) of removing a component having a boiling point higher than a boiling point of the isocyanate compound from a fraction obtained in the step (3) to purify the isocyanate compound.

Abstract: A method is provided for collecting a compound of formula (III) (in which R31 is a monovalent to trivalent organic group and n31 is an integer of 1 to 3) from a liquid phase component that is formed as a by-product in a method for producing a compound of general formula (I) (in which R11 is a monovalent to trivalent organic group and n11 is an integer of 1 to 3), wherein the collection method contains steps (1) to (3) or steps (A) and (B), and step (4). Step (1): a step for reacting the liquid phase component with at least one active hydrogen-containing compound in a reactor. Step (2): a step for returning a condensed liquid obtained by cooling gas phase components in the reactor to the reactor. Step (3): a step for discharging gas phase components that are not condensed in the step (2) to the outside of the reactor. Step (A): a step for mixing the liquid phase component, water, and a compound of general formula (III). Step (B): a step for reacting the liquid phase component with water inside the reactor.

Abstract: A method is provided for collecting a compound of formula (III) (in which R31 is a monovalent to trivalent organic group and n31 is an integer of 1 to 3) from a liquid phase component that is formed as a by-product in a method for producing a compound of general formula (I) (in which R11 is a monovalent to trivalent organic group and n 11 is an integer of 1 to 3), wherein the collection method contains steps (1) to (3) or steps (A) and (B), and step (4). Step (1): a step for reacting the liquid phase component with at least one active hydrogen-containing compound in a reactor. Step (2): a step for returning a condensed liquid obtained by cooling gas phase components in the reactor to the reactor. Step (3): a step for discharging gas phase components that are not condensed in the step (2) to the outside of the reactor. Step (A): a step for mixing the liquid phase component, water, and a compound of general formula (III). Step (B): a step for reacting the liquid phase component with water inside the reactor.

Abstract: This isocyanate production method, for continuously producing an isocyanate while suppressing side reactions, is a method for producing an isocyanate through the thermal decomposition of carbamate, and comprises: a thermal decomposition step in which a mixed solution containing carbamate and a compound (A) having a specific structure is continuously put into a pyrolysis reactor and carry out a pyrolysis reaction of carbamate; a low-boiling-point decomposition product recovery step in which a low-boiling-point decomposition product having a lower standard boiling point than the compound (A) is continuously extracted in a gaseous form from the pyrolysis reactor, and a high-boiling-point component recovery step in which a liquid phase component, which is not recovered in a gaseous form in the low-boiling-point decomposition product recovery step, is continuously extracted as a high-boiling-point component from the pyrolysis reactor.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method for producing a carbamate that includes a step (1) and a step (2) described below: (1) a step of producing a compound (A) having a urea linkage, using an organic primary amine having at least one primary amino group per molecule and at least one compound selected from among carbon dioxide and carbonic acid derivatives, at a temperature lower than the thermal dissociation temperature of the urea linkage; and (2) a step of reacting the compound (A) with a carbonate ester to produce a carbamate.

Abstract: An isocyanate production method is characterized by having: a carbamation step in which a carbonic acid ester, an inorganic acid salt of an amino acid derivative, and a basic compound are reacted to obtain a reaction mixture containing a carbamic acid ester derived from the carbonic acid ester, a hydroxy compound derived from the carbonic acid ester, and the carbonic acid ester; and a thermal decomposition step in which the carbamic acid ester is subjected to a thermal decomposition reaction to obtain an isocyanate.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes a fixing unit that transports a sheet of paper carrying an unfixed image through a nip part to fix the unfixed image to the sheet, the nip part applying heat and pressure to the sheet, a first guide unit that guides transport of the sheet, the first guide unit coming into contact with a first side of the sheet leaving the nip part of the fixing unit, and a second guide unit that guides transport of the sheet, the second guide unit coming into contact with a second side of the sheet leaving the nip part of the fixing unit, the second guide unit being rotatable, the second side being opposite to the first side. The first guide unit has a guide part. The guide part includes an upstream guide part disposed upstream with respect to a sheet transport direction, and a bent guide part that is bent at an endpoint position of the upstream guide part in a direction of entry into a sheet transport passage relative to the upstream guide part.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method for producing a carbamate that includes a step (1) and a step (2) described below: (1) a step of producing a compound (A) having a urea linkage, using an organic primary amine having at least one primary amino group per molecule and at least one compound selected from among carbon dioxide and carbonic acid derivatives, at a temperature lower than the thermal dissociation temperature of the urea linkage; and (2) a step of reacting the compound (A) with a carbonate ester to produce a carbamate.

Abstract: A method is provided for collecting a compound of formula (III) (in which R31 is a monovalent to trivalent organic group and n31 is an integer of 1 to 3) from a liquid phase component that is formed as a by-product in a method for producing a compound of general formula (I) (in which R11 is a monovalent to trivalent organic group and n 11 is an integer of 1 to 3), wherein the collection method contains steps (1) to (3) or steps (A) and (B), and step (4). Step (1): a step for reacting the liquid phase component with at least one active hydrogen-containing compound in a reactor. Step (2): a step for returning a condensed liquid obtained by cooling gas phase components in the reactor to the reactor. Step (3): a step for discharging gas phase components that are not condensed in the step (2) to the outside of the reactor. Step (A): a step for mixing the liquid phase component, water, and a compound of general formula (III). Step (B): a step for reacting the liquid phase component with water inside the reactor.

Abstract: An isocyanate production method according to the present invention is a method in which an isocyanate is produced by subjecting a carbamate to thermal decomposition, and includes: a step of preparing a mixture liquid containing the carbamate, an inactive solvent and a polyisocyanate compound; a step of conducting a thermal decomposition reaction of the carbamate by continuously introducing the mixture liquid into a thermal decomposition reactor; a step of collecting a low-boiling decomposition product by continuously extracting the low-boiling decomposition product in a gaseous state from the reactor, the low-boiling decomposition product having a boiling point lower than the polyisocyanate compound; and a step of collecting a high-boiling component by continuously extracting, from the reactor, a liquid phase component which is not collected in a gaseous state at the step of collecting the low-boiling decomposition product.

Abstract: A heating device includes a hollow portion that has an endless loop shape in a rotation direction and that has open ends in a rotation-axis direction, at least one heating unit that includes a heat-generating portion and that is inserted in the hollow portion, the heating unit being configured to heat the hollow portion from a space enclosed by the hollow portion as a result of heat generation of the heat-generating portion, and a driving-force transmission unit that is fixed to an end portion of the hollow portion in the rotation-axis direction and that transmits a driving force, which is transmitted to the driving-force transmission unit by a driving source, to the hollow portion so as to rotate the hollow portion, the driving-force transmission unit having an opening that is in communication with an interior of the hollow portion. The heat-generating portion is disposed at a position that does not overlap the driving-force transmission unit in the rotation-axis direction.

Abstract: An isocyanate production method is characterized by having: a carbamation step in which a carbonic acid ester, an inorganic acid salt of an amino acid derivative, and a basic compound are reacted to obtain a reaction mixture containing a carbamic acid ester derived from the carbonic acid ester, a hydroxy compound derived from the carbonic acid ester, and the carbonic acid ester; and a thermal decomposition step in which the carbamic acid ester is subjected to a thermal decomposition reaction to obtain an isocyanate.

Abstract: A heating device includes a hollow portion that has an endless loop shape in a rotation direction and that has open ends in a rotation-axis direction, at least one heating unit that includes a heat-generating portion and that is inserted in the hollow portion, the heating unit being configured to heat the hollow portion from a space enclosed by the hollow portion as a result of heat generation of the heat-generating portion, and a driving-force transmission unit that is fixed to an end portion of the hollow portion in the rotation-axis direction and that transmits a driving force, which is transmitted to the driving-force transmission unit by a driving source, to the hollow portion so as to rotate the hollow portion, the driving-force transmission unit having an opening that is in communication with an interior of the hollow portion. The heat-generating portion is disposed at a position that does not overlap the driving-force transmission unit in the rotation-axis direction.

Abstract: A ball forming device includes a first current control circuit to control discharge current arranged between a leading end of a wire and one electrode of a discharge continuing power source for causing discharge current to flow after dielectric breakdown, a second current control circuit to control shunting of discharge current arranged between a discharge electrode and the other electrode of the discharge continuing power source, and a fixed resistor connected to the second current control circuit in parallel as a shunt and controls current flowing through the second current control circuit, thereby a discharge voltage value is adequately changed.

Abstract: An isocyanate production method according to the present invention is a method in which an isocyanate is produced by subjecting a carbamate to thermal decomposition, and includes: a step of preparing a mixture liquid containing the carbamate, an inactive solvent and a polyisocyanate compound; a step of conducting a thermal decomposition reaction of the carbamate by continuously introducing the mixture liquid into a thermal decomposition reactor; a step of collecting a low-boiling decomposition product by continuously extracting the low-boiling decomposition product in a gaseous state from the reactor, the low-boiling decomposition product having a boiling point lower than the polyisocyanate compound; and a step of collecting a high-boiling component by continuously extracting, from the reactor, a liquid phase component which is not collected in a gaseous state at the step of collecting the low-boiling decomposition product.

Abstract: An information processing apparatus includes a display controller that causes an image to be output to be displayed if an operating instruction of a user has been received at an image linked with each piece of outputtable content.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes a fixing unit that transports a sheet of paper carrying an unfixed image through a nip part to fix the unfixed image to the sheet, the nip part applying heat and pressure to the sheet, a first guide unit that guides transport of the sheet, the first guide unit coming into contact with a first side of the sheet leaving the nip part of the fixing unit, and a second guide unit that guides transport of the sheet, the second guide unit coming into contact with a second side of the sheet leaving the nip part of the fixing unit, the second guide unit being rotatable, the second side being opposite to the first side. The first guide unit has a guide part. The guide part includes an upstream guide part disposed upstream with respect to a sheet transport direction, and a bent guide part that is bent at an endpoint position of the upstream guide part in a direction of entry into a sheet transport passage relative to the upstream guide part.

Abstract: A rotating member includes a rotating-member body, identification information, and a holding member. The rotating-member body having a cylindrical or columnar shape has one end portion and an outer circumferential surface and is to be rotated. The identification information is provided at the one end portion on the outer circumferential surface of the rotating-member body. The holding member is provided at the one end portion of the rotating-member body, holds the rotating-member body, and has an inner circumferential surface in part of which a space not to be in contact with the outer circumferential surface of the rotating-member body is provided. The identification information is disposed in the space of the holding member.

Abstract: An information processing apparatus includes a display controller that causes an image to be output to be displayed if an operating instruction of a user has been received at an image linked with each piece of outputtable content.