Abstract: A method for manufacturing a carbon nanotube assembly including the steps of: forming metallic fine particles, having a predetermined particle diameter, on a substrate; heating the metallic fine particles to a predetermined temperature of 300° C. to 400° C. in a reducing atmosphere to cause reduction at surfaces thereof; heating the metallic fine particles to a predetermined reaction temperature in a reactor; and introducing an organic compound vapor into the reactor to grow carbon nanotubes on the metallic fine particles in such a way that a time during which the temperature of the metallic fine particles exceeds 450° C. is 600 seconds or fewer for the period of time before the growth of the carbon nanotubes is started after the heating of the metallic fine particles is started.

Abstract: Upon fixing fine particulate active element members AE1 to AE3, which are carbon nanotube, rod-shaped semiconductor crystal, or the like, in an electronic device at predetermined positions thereof respectively, a method for producing an electronic device includes: dispersing the fine particulate active element members in a dielectric liquid 12 and filling the liquid in a space between a process-objective substrate 20 and a mask 1 which is placed opposite to the substrate and which has predetermined pattern electrodes P1C, P1L, P1R formed therein; and applying a predetermined voltage to the predetermined electrodes to concentrate the fine particulate active element members at positions which correspond to positions of the pattern electrodes, respectively. In this state, a light is irradiated to the substrate and the fine particulate active element members in the liquid so as to fix the fine particulate active element members to the substrate by a photochemical reaction.

Abstract: An optical element of the present invention comprises a fluorite substrate 1, and a lanthanum fluoride film 2 formed directly on the substrate 1. The substrate 1, on which the lanthanum fluoride film 2 is formed, has a plane which is a (111) plane or a plane inclined by an angle within ±30 degrees, preferably within 15 degrees from the (111) plane. Therefore, the lanthanum fluoride film undergoes the crystal growth subjected to the C-axis orientation on the optical substrate. Since the lanthanum fluoride film is dense and has a small surface area, it scarcely involves the oxidation and hydroxylation areas as well as the structural defect. Therefore, it is possible to reduce the optical loss of the optical element in the vacuum ultraviolet region.

Abstract: According to the invention, a fluorination treated substance remarkably reduced in the light absorption loss of a substance to be treated, such as a fluoride thin film, a fluorination treatment apparatus capable of producing the fluorination treated substance, and a process for producing a fluorination treated substance can be provided. Disclosed is a process for producing a fluorination treated substance, comprising an enclosure step of enclosing a substance to be treated in a reactor and a fluorination reaction step of introducing a fluorine gas into the reactor to bring the substance to be treated into contact with the fluorine gas and thereby carry out fluorination reaction.

Abstract: An optical element of the present invention comprises a fluorite substrate 1, and a lanthanum fluoride film 2 formed directly on the substrate 1. The substrate 1, on which the lanthanum fluoride film 2 is formed, has a plane which is a (111) plane or a plane inclined by an angle within ±30 degrees, preferably within 15 degrees from the (111) plane. Therefore, the lanthanum fluoride film undergoes the crystal growth subjected to the C-axis orientation on the optical substrate. Since the lanthanum fluoride film is dense and has a small surface area, it scarcely involves the oxidation and hydroxylation areas as well as the structural defect. Therefore, it is possible to reduce the optical loss of the optical element in the vacuum ultraviolet region.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing an optical element includes replacing fluoride atoms at a surface of the optical element. The surface is imparted with properties of substantial prevention of charge retention and/or substantial prevention of charge build-up to help maintain transmissivity in the optical element.