Abstract: A control method of a gas sensor including a sensor element and an activity determining part includes a temperature raising step of heating the sensor element by a heater of the sensor element to raise a temperature of the sensor element up to an active temperature at which the activity determining part determines that the sensor element is in a measurable active state; a prior driving step of raising the temperature of the sensor element by the heater from the active temperature up to a steady driving temperature, and operating a main pump cell and a measurement pump cell of the sensor element to detect NOx in the measurement-object gas; and a steady driving step of maintaining the temperature of the sensor element by the heater at the steady driving temperature, and operating the main pump cell and the measurement pump cell to continuously detect NOx in the measurement-object gas.

Abstract: Provided is a gas sensor element or the like in which a diffusion mode of NOx reaching a measurement electrode is changed from molecular diffusion to a mode of diffusing while repeatedly colliding with a wall face of a sufficiently narrow flow path. In a gas sensor element according to one aspect of the present invention, a porous diffusion layer covering a measurement electrode has a porosity that is lower than the porosity of a leading end protection layer covering at least a face of an element substrate in which a gas inlet is open, and that is 5% or more and 25% or less.

Abstract: A gas sensor includes a sensor element and a control device, and detects a specific gas concentration that is a concentration of a specific gas in a measurement-object gas. The sensor element includes an element body including an oxygen-ion-conductive solid electrolyte layer and provided with a measurement-object gas flow portion therein, the measurement-object gas flow portion introducing the measurement-object gas and causing the measurement-object gas to flow therethrough; a measurement electrode disposed in a measurement chamber of the measurement-object gas flow portion; and a reference electrode disposed inside the element body to come into contact with a reference gas that serves as a reference for detection of the specific gas concentration. The control device measures a voltage across the ground and the reference electrode, and identifies a deviation of the reference potential that is the electrical potential of the reference electrode based on the measured voltage.

Abstract: A gas sensor includes a sensor element and a control unit thereof. The sensor element includes: a base part; a measurement-object gas flow cavity formed from one end part in a longitudinal direction of the base part; a pump cell including an intracavity electrode disposed in the measurement-object gas flow cavity; and a reference electrode disposed in a reference gas chamber formed inside the base part. The control unit includes: a driving control part; a storing part storing in advance, a standard correspondence relationship at a standard time at which a reference potential of the reference electrode is at a predetermined value; and a diagnosing part obtaining a diagnostic correspondence relationship, and comparing the obtained diagnostic correspondence relationship with the standard correspondence relationship to diagnose a deviation of a reference potential of the reference electrode at the diagnostic time from the predetermined value at the standard time.

Abstract: A gas sensor includes a sensor element including an adjustment pump cell and a measurement pump cell, and a control unit including a pump control part. The pump control part performs a startup pump control at a startup of the sensor element, and a steady driving pump control at a steady drive after the startup. In the startup pump control, the pump control part applies, between an inner pump electrode and an outer pump electrode of the adjustment pump cell, a startup voltage of the adjustment pump cell that is higher than a voltage applied in the steady driving pump control; and applies, between an inner measurement electrode and an outer measurement electrode of the measurement pump cell, a startup voltage of the measurement pump cell that is higher than a voltage applied in the steady driving pump control and lower than the startup voltage of the adjustment pump cell.

Abstract: Provided is a gas sensor element or the like in which the diffusion mode of NOx that reaches a measurement electrode is changed from molecular diffusion to a mode of diffusing while repeatedly colliding with a wall face of a sufficiently narrow flow path. In a gas sensor element according to one aspect of the invention, a porous diffusion layer, which accounts for 70% or more of a cross-section of a flow path of a measurement target gas that is orthogonal to a flow direction of the measurement target gas, has a porosity of 5% or more and 25% or less, and is located at a position that is upstream of the measurement electrode and where the distance to the measurement electrode is 0.15 mm or less.

Abstract: A controller of a gas sensor includes: a concentration identification part identifying a concentration of a predetermined gas component based on a measurement pump current flowing between a measurement electrode and an out-of-space pump electrode in accordance with the concentration of the predetermined gas component due to application of a predetermined pump voltage; and a correction processing part correcting the concentration of the predetermined gas component identified by the concentration identification part, the correction processing part corrects the concentration of the predetermined gas component based on a correlation identified in advance between an offset current value as a magnitude of the measurement pump current when a measurement gas not containing the predetermined gas component flows or a normalized value of the offset current value and output fluctuations of the measurement pump current at startup of the gas sensor.

Abstract: An object is to provide a modified metal oxide particle material that maintains high dispersibility even when the amount of modifying material is small. The material includes (i) a metal oxide particle material having, on its surface, a functional group other than a phenyl group; and (ii) a modifying material composed of a silicon-containing compound having a phenyl group, adhered to the surface of the metal oxide particle material. The value C/H, calculated from the carbon content C (mass %) and the specific surface area H (m{circumflex over (?)}2 per g), decreases by ?0.001, ?0.01, or ?0.03 and <0.1 after washing with methyl ethyl ketone. The grind gauge is ?20 ?m. The post-wash C/H is ?0.07.

Abstract: In a printing system including a printing apparatus that performs printing by ejecting liquid onto a transfer sheet and a powder spraying apparatus that sprays a hot-melt resin powder onto the transfer sheet, the printing apparatus includes a medium supply unit that holds the transfer sheet wound in a roll shape and a liquid ejection unit that ejects the liquid, the powder spraying apparatus includes a powder housing unit that houses the hot-melt resin powder having a particle diameter of 10 ?m or more and 350 ?m or less and a powder spraying unit that sprays the hot-melt resin powder onto the transfer sheet onto which the liquid has been ejected, and a first space in which the transfer sheet wound in a roll shape with respect to the medium supply unit can be replaced is secured between the printing apparatus and the powder spraying apparatus.

Abstract: A gas sensor includes a sensor element and a control unit for controlling the sensor element. The sensor element includes: an adjustment pump cell for adjusting an oxygen concentration in a measurement-object gas to a desired concentration; a current measurement pump cell for detecting a target gas to be measured in the measurement-object gas as a current value, the current measurement pump cell including: an inner measurement electrode and an outer measurement electrode; a reference electrode; and an electromotive force detection sensor cell for detecting an electromotive force value between the inner measurement electrode and the reference electrode. The control unit includes a switching unit for switching whether a current flows through the current measurement pump cell or not.

Abstract: A state-of-charge estimation device includes: a storage unit that stores the charge and discharge history of a storage battery; a charge and discharge determination unit that determines whether the storage battery is in a charged state or a discharged state; a charge and discharge control unit that discharges the storage battery by a predetermined amount when the charge and discharge determination unit determines that the storage battery is in a charged state, and charges the storage battery by a predetermined amount when the charge and discharge determination unit determines that the storage battery is in a discharged state; an open-circuit voltage acquisition unit that acquires the open-circuit voltage of the storage battery; and a state-of-charge estimation unit that refers to a charge and discharge curve to estimate the state of charge of the storage battery from the open-circuit voltage acquired by the open-circuit voltage acquisition unit.

Abstract: A sensor element for detecting a specific gas concentration in a measurement-object gas includes: an element body provided with a measurement-object gas flow section therein, the measurement-object gas flow section introducing the measurement-object gas and causing the measurement-object gas to flow therethrough; a reference electrode disposed inside the element body; and a reference-gas introduction section that causes a reference gas to flow to the reference electrode, wherein the reference-gas introduction section has a reference-gas flow path, and one or more preliminary chambers which are disposed in a middle of the reference-gas flow path, and have a diffusion resistance lower than a diffusion resistance of the reference-gas flow path, and at least part of the reference-gas flow path is composed of a porous body so that any of the one or more preliminary chambers does not directly communicate with an outside of the element body.

Abstract: A gas sensor includes a sensor element and a control unit for controlling the sensor element. The sensor element includes a main pump cell, an auxiliary pump cell, a measurement pump cell, and a reference electrode, wherein, in the main pump cell, a repeatedly on-off controlled main pump current is applied so that an auxiliary pump current flowing through the auxiliary pump cell is at a predetermined target current value, and, in the auxiliary pump cell, the auxiliary pump current is applied so that an electromotive force between an inner auxiliary pump electrode and the reference electrode is at a predetermined target voltage value. The control unit includes: a control power supply for applying the repeatedly on-off controlled main pump current; and a setting part for setting the target voltage value based on an electric potential difference generated between the inner main pump electrode and the reference electrode.

Abstract: A gas sensor includes an element body, a pump cell, an impedance measurer, and a calculation unit. The pump cell has an inner electrode disposed in a measurement-object gas flow section of the element body, and an outer electrode disposed outside an element body to come into contact with a measurement-object gas, the pump cell being configured to adjust an oxygen concentration in a vicinity of the inner electrode. The impedance measurer performs first measurement to measure a first impedance by applying a voltage having a first frequency to the pump cell, and second measurement to measure a second impedance by applying a voltage having a second frequency higher than the first frequency to the pump cell. The calculation unit calculates the reaction resistance index correlated with the reaction resistance of the pump cell, based on the first and second impedances.

Abstract: A casing of a gas sensor having a reference gas space therein includes: an outer tube into which an end portion of a sensor element protrudes; and a seal member fit into an end portion of the outer tube to seal the reference gas space, the sensor element includes: a first electrode lead portion including a first electrode lead to electrically connect an outside and at least one inner electrode and a first lead insulating layer covering the first electrode lead; and a second electrode lead portion including a second electrode lead that can electrically connect the outside and a measurement electrode and a second lead insulating layer covering the second electrode lead, and A/B<1.00, where A (cm?1) is diffusion resistance of the first electrode lead portion, B (cm?1) is diffusion resistance of the second electrode lead portion.

Abstract: A gas sensor includes a sensor element including an element body, a measurement pump cell including an inner measurement electrode, an adjustment pump cell including an inner adjustment electrode and a reference electrode, a control apparatus that performs an adjustment pump control process of adjusting the oxygen concentration in the oxygen concentration adjustment chamber so that an adjustment voltage reaches an adjustment voltage target value, and a measurement pump control process of pumping out oxygen in the measurement chamber so that a measurement voltage reaches a measurement voltage target value. The control apparatus detects the specific gas concentration in the measurement-object gas based on a measurement pump current, and the control apparatus detects a water concentration in the measurement-object gas based on a change in the measurement pump current when at least one of the adjustment voltage target value or the measurement voltage target value is changed.

Abstract: A silane compound including the following group A at a terminal: where R1 is each independently a group represented by —(R4—SiR32)ma—R3; R4 is each independently an oxygen atom or a C1-6 alkylene group; R3 is each independently a hydrocarbon group or R1?; R1? has the same meaning as R1; ma is each independently an integer of 1 to 5, provided that the number of R1? in R1 is 20 or less; R2 is each independently a hydrocarbon group; na is an integer of 1 to 3; z is 0 or 1; and a Si atom to which a hydroxyl group or a hydrolyzable group is bonded, at another terminal.

Abstract: A print image adjustment method includes a printable range setting step of setting a printable range, an image preparation step of preparing an image, a display step of displaying a position of the printable range and the image, and a print image processing step of processing the image to generate a print image, wherein the print image processing step includes processing the image to fit the print image within the printable range.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photoreceptor includes a conductive substrate, and a photosensitive layer disposed on the conductive substrate, in which an outermost surface layer contains a charge transport material, two or more kinds of resins, and a phenolic compound, and RzJIS on an outer peripheral surface is 0.1 nm or more and 100 nm or less.

Abstract: A felt-based four-sides-processing material having a release paper-attached pressure-sensitive adhesive layer is provided. The felt-based four-sides-processing material has a continuous or non-continuous pressure-sensitive adhesive region on any of flat surfaces of a base material in a longitudinal direction of the flat surface and release paper pasted to the pressure-sensitive adhesive layer, where a width of the pressure-sensitive adhesive layer is narrower than a width of a short side of the base material, and a non-pressure-sensitive adhesive region where a pressure-sensitive adhesive is not present is provided along at least one edge in the longitudinal direction of the base material entirely or partially, and the release paper has the same size as that of the flat surface of the base material.