Abstract: A battery management system includes a usage history acquisition unit, a deterioration estimation unit, a battery load acquisition unit, a deterioration change degree identification unit, and a battery management unit. The usage history acquisition unit acquires usage history information. The deterioration estimation unit estimates a current deterioration state and a deterioration factor of the secondary battery based on the usage history information. The battery load acquisition unit acquires battery load information indicating a future battery load. The deterioration change degree identification unit identifies a deterioration change degree by using the current deterioration state, the deterioration factor and the battery load information of the secondary battery.

Abstract: A battery diagnostic system includes an interpolation processing unit, a degradation estimation unit, a degradation prediction unit, and an output unit. When a part of the battery load history is missing, the interpolation processing unit interpolates the missing part using the rest of the constituent data. The degradation estimation unit estimates, based on the battery load history, a present degradation state of the secondary battery and a cause of degradation that has brought about the degradation state. The degradation prediction unit predicts, using a predicted battery load, the present degradation state and the cause of degradation of the secondary battery, a predicted degradation state of the secondary battery that will occur in the future upon having been used in the use mode. The output unit outputs the predicted degradation state of the secondary battery.

Abstract: In the battery deterioration prediction system, a polarization calculation unit calculates negative and positive electrode polarizations from negative and positive electrode resistances, and an electrical current value flowing through the secondary battery. A CCP calculation unit calculates a negative electrode closed-circuit potential on the secondary battery negative electrode open circuit potential and the negative electrode polarization calculated by the polarization calculation unit, and calculates a positive electrode closed-circuit potential based on the secondary battery positive electrode open circuit potential and the positive electrode polarization calculated by the polarization calculation unit.

Abstract: An information calculation system acquires a battery load history of a secondary battery that has been used. The information calculation system calculates first degradation states of a plurality of battery constituent elements of the secondary battery, based on the battery load history acquired and a plurality of degradation factors related to each of the battery constituent elements. The information calculation system acquires estimated load information on a load that is estimated to act on the secondary battery when the secondary battery is used in a future application. The information calculation system calculates future second degradation states of the plurality of battery constituent elements of the secondary battery when the secondary battery is used in the future application, based on the first degradation states related to the battery constituent elements calculated, the estimated load information acquired, and the plurality of degradation factors related to the battery constituent elements.

Abstract: To provide a battery service life estimation system capable of improving estimation accuracy, a new battery service life estimation system includes an intersection time estimation unit and a service life estimation unit. In view of a relation between a cumulative usage period and a capacity retention0 rate of a secondary battery containing a non-aqueous electrolyte, the intersection time estimation unit estimates a prediction line intersection time tx when an anode service life prediction line intersects with a cathode service life prediction line on a plane coordinate system. The service life estimation unit estimates a battery service life by using the anode service life prediction formula before a point of the prediction line intersection time tx and the cathode service life prediction formula described the prediction line intersection time tx.

Abstract: A battery structure includes a plurality of batteries each made of lithium-ion secondary battery; and a plurality of arrangement portions in which the plurality of batteries are arranged. The plurality of arrangement portions are divided into two groups of: a upper heat transfer group having heat transfer orders higher than a center value of the heat transfer orders, where the heat transfer orders are respective amount of heat transfer from the batteries being ranked in descending order; and a lower heat transfer group having the heat transfer orders lower than the center value. A battery among the plurality of batteries showing the highest value of a lithium deposition tolerance which represents a degree of lithium being unlikely to deposit during charge/discharge operation, is disposed in a high tolerance arrangement portion in the plurality of arrangement portions, the high tolerance arrangement portion belonging to the upper heat transfer group.

Abstract: An apparatus for estimating a degradation degree of a secondary battery includes a pulse current applying unit that applies a pulse current; a voltage acquiring unit that acquires a charge voltage and a discharge voltage which are produced at the secondary battery by applying the pulse current; a relative value calculation unit that calculates a relative value between the charge voltage and the discharge voltage; a correlation storage unit that stores a correlation between a relative value between the charge voltage and the discharge voltage, and a degradation degree of the secondary battery; and a degradation degree estimation unit that obtains a degradation degree of the secondary battery from the correlation storage unit, based on the relative value calculated by the relative value calculation unit.

Abstract: An information calculation system acquires a battery load history of a secondary battery that has been used. The information calculation system calculates first degradation states of a plurality of battery constituent elements of the secondary battery, based on the battery load history acquired and a plurality of degradation factors related to each of the battery constituent elements. The information calculation system acquires estimated load information on a load that is estimated to act on the secondary battery when the secondary battery is used in a future application. The information calculation system calculates future second degradation states of the plurality of battery constituent elements of the secondary battery when the secondary battery is used in the future application, based on the first degradation states related to the battery constituent elements calculated, the estimated load information acquired, and the plurality of degradation factors related to the battery constituent elements.

Abstract: In the battery deterioration prediction system, a polarization calculation unit calculates negative and positive electrode polarizations from negative and positive electrode resistances, and an electrical current value flowing through the secondary battery. A CCP calculation unit calculates a negative electrode closed-circuit potential on the secondary battery negative electrode open circuit potential and the negative electrode polarization calculated by the polarization calculation unit, and calculates a positive electrode closed-circuit potential based on the secondary battery positive electrode open circuit potential and the positive electrode polarization calculated by the polarization calculation unit.

Abstract: A battery structure includes a plurality of batteries each made of lithium-ion secondary battery; and a plurality of arrangement portions in which the plurality of batteries are arranged. The plurality of arrangement portions are divided into two groups of: a upper heat transfer group having heat transfer orders higher than a center value of the heat transfer orders, where the heat transfer orders are respective amount of heat transfer from the batteries being ranked in descending order; and a lower heat transfer group having the heat m transfer orders lower than the center value. A battery among the plurality of batteries showing the highest value of a lithium deposition tolerance which represents a degree of lithium being unlikely to deposit during charge/discharge operation, is disposed in a high tolerance arrangement portion in the plurality of arrangement portions, the high tolerance arrangement portion belonging to the upper heat transfer group.

Abstract: An apparatus for estimating a degradation degree of a secondary battery includes a pulse current applying unit that applies a pulse current; a voltage acquiring unit that acquires a charge voltage and a discharge voltage which are produced at the secondary battery by applying the pulse current; a relative value calculation unit that calculates a relative value between the charge voltage and the discharge voltage; a correlation storage unit that stores a correlation between a relative value between the charge voltage and the discharge voltage, and a degradation degree of the secondary battery; and a degradation degree estimation unit that obtains a degradation degree of the secondary battery from the correlation storage unit, based on the relative value calculated by the relative value calculation unit.

Abstract: A positive electrode material includes: Li2Ni?M1?M2?Mn?O4-?. ? satisfies a relational expression of 0.50<??1.33. ? satisfies a relational expression of 0.33???1.1. ? satisfies a relational expression of 0???1.00. ? satisfies a relational expression of 0??<0.67. ? satisfies a relational expression of 0???1.00. M1 is at least one type selected from Co and Ga. M2 is at least one type selected from Ge, Sn, and Sb. Li2Ni?M1?M2?Mn?O4-? has a layered structure which includes a Li layer and a Ni layer. A crystal structure of Li2Ni?M1?M2?Mn?O4-? is a superlattice structure.

Abstract: To provide a battery service life estimation system capable of improving estimation accuracy, a new battery service life estimation system includes an intersection time estimation unit and a service life estimation unit. In view of a relation between a cumulative usage period and a capacity retention0 rate of a secondary battery containing a non-aqueous electrolyte, the intersection time estimation unit estimates a prediction line intersection time tx when an anode service life prediction line intersects with a cathode service life prediction line on a plane coordinate system. The service life estimation unit estimates a battery service life by using the anode service life prediction formula before a point of the prediction line intersection time tx and the cathode service life prediction formula described the prediction line intersection time tx.

Abstract: A positive electrode material includes: Li2Ni?M1?M2?Mn?O4-?; a layered structure including a Li layer and a Ni layer; and a chemical bond of M2-O. ? satisfies an equation of 0.50<??1.33. ? satisfies an equation of 0??<0.67. ? satisfies an equation of 0.33???1.1. ? satisfies an equation of 0???1.00. ? satisfies an equation of 0???1.00. M1 represents at least one selected from Co and Ga. M2 represents at least one selected from Ge, Sn and Sb.

Abstract: A positive electrode material includes Li2Ni?M1?M2?O4-?, where 0<(?+?)?2; 0??<0.5; 0<??2; 0???1; 1?(?+?+?)?2.1; 0.8<?/(?+?); M1 is Mn; M2 is at least one selected from Ge and Sn; and Ni and M1 has a local structure of six-coordination. The positive electrode material is used for a positive electrode for nonaqueous-electrolyte secondary battery and a nonaqueous-electrolyte secondary battery.

Abstract: A positive electrode material includes: Li2Ni?M1?M2?Mn?O4-? that has a layered structure including a Li layer and a Ni layer, and in which a Ni—O bond length is shorter than that calculated from the Shannon's ionic radii. ? satisfies a relation of 0.50<??1.33, ? satisfies a relation of 0??<0.67, ? satisfies a relation of 0.33???1.1, ? satisfies a relation of 0???1.00, ? satisfies a relation of 0???1.00, M1 represents at least one selected from Co and Ga, M2 represents at least one selected from Ge, Sn and Sb. A positive electrode material may indicate a peak intensity ratio (I003/I104) of 0.9 or more in a measurement of a powder X-ray diffraction indexed with a space group of R3m.

Abstract: A positive electrode material includes: a composite oxide of solid solution including Li2SnO3 and Li2Ni?M1?M2?Mn?O4-?. ? satisfies an equation of 0.50???1.35. ? satisfies an equation of 0??<1.0. ? satisfies an equation of 0???0.66. ? and ? satisfies an equation of 0.33??+??1.1. ? satisfies an equation of 0???0.66. ? satisfies an equation of 0???1.00. M1 represents at least one selected from Sn, Sb0.5Al0.5. M2 represents Sb.

Abstract: A positive electrode material includes: Li2Ni?M1?M2?Mn?O4-?. ? satisfies a relational expression of 0.50<??1.33. ? satisfies a relational expression of 0.33???1.1. ? satisfies a relational expression of 0???1.00. ? satisfies a relational expression of 0??<0.67. ? satisfies a relational expression of 0???1.00. M1 is at least one type selected from Co and Ga. M2 is at least one type selected from Ge, Sn, and Sb. Li2Ni?M1?M2?Mn?O4-? has a layered structure which includes a Li layer and a Ni layer. A crystal structure of Li2Ni?M1?M2?Mn?O4-? is a superlattice structure.

Abstract: A secondary battery has a positive electrode and a negative electrode, and is charged and discharged. A charge-discharge control unit controls charge and discharge of the secondary battery, and includes a storage unit, a calculating unit, and a control processing unit. The storage unit stores therein charge-discharge characteristics of the secondary battery. The calculating unit calculates a charge-discharge condition of the secondary battery based on the charge-discharge characteristics stored in the storage unit. The control processing unit charges and discharges the secondary battery based on the charge-discharge condition. The storage unit stores therein model data of degradation.

Abstract: A positive electrode material includes Li2Ni?M1?M2?O4-?, where 0<(?+?)?2; 0??<0.5; 0<??2; 0???1; 1?(?+?+?)?2.1; 0.8<?/(?+?); M1 is Mn; M2 is at least one selected from Ge and Sn; and Ni and M1 has a local structure of six-coordination. The positive electrode material is used for a positive electrode for nonaqueous-electrolyte secondary battery and a nonaqueous-electrolyte secondary battery.