Abstract: A developing roller, including: a shaft containing a metal; an elastic layer on a circumference of the shaft; and a surface layer on a circumferential surface of the elastic layer, wherein the surface layer contains: a polyurethane which is a reaction product between a fluoroethylene vinyl ether copolymer and an isocyanurate form of an isocyanate; and particles having an average primary particle diameter of 5 nm to 30 nm, and wherein the polyurethane has a peak intensity ratio of a NCO group to a hydroxyl group of 5.6 to 8.8 in an infrared absorption spectrum obtained by an attenuated total reflection method.

Abstract: A toner is provided. The toner includes a crystalline resin and a non-crystalline resin, and has a thermal property such that when the toner is heated after being firstly heated to 60° C. followed by cooling in differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), the toner has a clear peak specific to melting of the crystalline resin at a temperature T1, and when the toner is heated after being firstly heated to 80° C. followed by cooling in the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), the toner does not have a clear peak specific to melting of the crystalline resin at a temperature not higher than the temperature T1.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus, including: an electrostatic latent image bearing member; an electrostatic latent image forming unit configured to form an electrostatic latent image on the electrostatic latent image bearing member; and a developing unit containing a toner and configured to develop the electrostatic latent image with the toner to thereby form a visible image, wherein the developing unit is a contact type one-component developing unit which includes a toner bearing member being in contact with the electrostatic latent image bearing member, wherein a contact pressure between the electrostatic latent image bearing member and the toner bearing member is 2.0×104 N/m2 to 7.5×104 N/m2, wherein the toner contains a binder resin and a releasing agent, and wherein an extracted amount of the releasing agent extracted with hexane from the toner is 10 mg/g to 25 mg/g.