Abstract: A wiring member comprising a substrate, a copper wiring layer having an electrical resistivity of not larger than 4×10?6 ?cm in directly or indirectly contact with the substrate, an aluminum diffusion layer, contiguous to the copper wiring layer, having an aluminum concentration gradient descending towards the inside, and an aluminum oxide layer contiguous to and covering the aluminum diffusion layer, wherein a ratio of a thickness of the copper wiring layer to a thickness of the aluminum diffusion layer is 1.5 to 5. The disclosure is also concerned with a method of manufacturing the wiring member and an electronic device.

Abstract: A wiring member comprising a substrate, a copper wiring layer having an electrical resistivity of not larger than 4×10?6 ?cm in directly or indirectly contact with the substrate, an aluminum diffusion layer, contiguous to the copper wiring layer, having an aluminum concentration gradient descending towards the inside, and an aluminum oxide layer contiguous to and covering the aluminum diffusion layer, wherein a ratio of a thickness of the copper wiring layer to a thickness of the aluminum diffusion layer is 1.5 to 5. The disclosure is also concerned with a method of manufacturing the wiring member and an electronic device.

Abstract: An optical information recording medium includes at least a reflecting layer, an optical information recording layer, a super-resolution layer and a protective layer. The super-resolution layer is a thin layer whose an optical constant changes nonlinearly due to a red shift of its band gap, and made of solid solution, compound or mixture of metal oxides containing two or more types of metal ions of the same valence. Ion radius unconformity ?R=|(RMi?RMj)/RMj| between ion radii RMi and RMj of two types of metal ions Mi and Mj arbitrarily selected from the two or more types of metal ions is 8% or less. The difference ?E=Eg?E between band gap energy Eg of the mixture of the metal oxides and energy E corresponding to a wavelength of the laser beam is a more 0.4 or less 1.4 eV.

Abstract: In an image display device which forms an image by allowing electrons from electron sources which are arranged in a matrix array to impinge on phosphors in the inside of a vacuum envelope, the degree of vacuum during an operation of the image display device is improved. A vacuum envelope is formed of a face substrate, a back substrate and a support body which is arranged between and along peripheries of the face substrate and the back substrate using a sealing material. By using frit glass which contains vanadium oxide as a main component for a material of the sealing material, due to a getter action of frit glass which contains vanadium oxide as the main component, after vacuum evacuation, a lifetime of the display device can be prolonged. Further, by using frit glass which contains vanadium oxide as the main component for a material of an adhesive material which bonds the spacers and the face substrate or bonds the spacers and the back glass, the getter action can be further enhanced.

Abstract: An optical information recording medium includes at least a reflecting layer, an optical information recording layer, a super-resolution layer and a protective layer. The super-resolution layer is a thin layer whose an optical constant changes nonlinearly due to a red shift of its band gap, and made of solid solution, compound or mixture of metal oxides containing two or more types of metal ions of the same valence. Ion radius unconformity ?R=|(RMi?RMj)/RMj| between ion radii RMi and RMj of two types of metal ions Mi and Mj arbitrarily selected from the two or more types of metal ions is 8% or less. The difference ?E=Eg?E between band gap energy Eg of the mixture of the metal oxides and energy E corresponding to a wavelength of the laser beam is a more 0.4 or less 1.4 eV.

Abstract: An optical switch, in which focal position of beams is adjusted to provide a high switching efficiency and a high stability in action without increasing a light source output of a control light, comprising a condensing means for making a signal light and a control light convergent and incident upon a nonlinear optical thin-film and wherein irradiation of the control light causes a change of the nonlinear optical thin-film in refractive index to thereby change the signal light into a transmitted light or a reflected light to take out the same as an output signal.

Abstract: An optical switch, in which focal position of beams is adjusted to provide a high switching efficiency and a high stability in action without increasing a light source output of a control light, comprising a condensing means for making a signal light and a control light convergent and incident upon a nonlinear optical thin-film and wherein irradiation of the control light causes a change of the nonlinear optical thin-film in refractive index to thereby change the signal light into a transmitted light or a reflected light to take out the same as an output signal.