Abstract: A bonding method is capable of firmly bonding a greater variety of materials using an electrochemical reaction. The bonding method includes a placement step of placing an oxygen ion conductor and a conductive member that includes an oxide layer on a surface thereof in contact with each other via the oxide layer, a connection step of connecting the oxygen ion conductor to the positive electrode side of a voltage application device and connecting the conductive member to the negative electrode side of the voltage application device, and a voltage application step of applying voltage between the oxygen ion conductor and the conductive member to bond the oxygen ion conductor and the conductive member.

Abstract: A bonding method in which more variety of materials can be bonded than a conventional anodic bonding method includes: a disposing step of disposing an oxygen ion conductor and a bonded material to be bonded to the oxygen ion conductor such that they are brought in contact with each other; a connecting step of connecting the oxygen ion conductor to a negative side of a voltage application device and connecting the bonded material to a positive side of the voltage application device; and a voltage applying step of applying a voltage between the oxygen ion conductor and the bonded material so as to bond the oxygen ion conductor and the bonded material, wherein abutting surfaces of the oxygen ion conductor and the bonded material are processed such that they are in close contact with each other.

Abstract: An information processor receives a changed content check request on information managed by a user of a different system from a user terminal and a first condition is stored, the first condition being included in the check request and specifying a check target. A second condition specifying a changed content to be retrieved from among changed contents on the information managed by the user of the different system is received from the user terminal. An information-changed content check request is transmitted in which the stored first condition is specified to a converter that performs protocol conversion. A changed content check result is acquired from the converter and stored, the result being returned to the converter by the user terminal of the different system. The stored check result is checked against the second condition, and the check result that matches the second condition is returned to the user terminal.

Abstract: An information processor receives a changed content check request on information managed by a user of a different system from a user terminal and a first condition is stored, the first condition being included in the check request and specifying a check target. A second condition specifying a changed content to be retrieved from among changed contents on the information managed by the user of the different system is received from the user terminal. An information-changed content check request is transmitted in which the stored first condition is specified to a converter that performs protocol conversion. A changed content check result is acquired from the converter and stored, the result being returned to the converter by the user terminal of the different system. The stored check result is checked against the second condition, and the check result that matches the second condition is returned to the user terminal.