Abstract: A two-stage refrigeration apparatus (500) includes a first cycle (510) and a second cycle (520). The first cycle (510) includes a first compressor (511), a first condenser (512), a first expansion mechanism (513), and a first evaporator (514) that are arranged in such a manner as to be connected to the first cycle. A first refrigerant circulates through the first cycle. The second cycle (520) includes a second downstream-side condenser (523) and a second evaporator (527) that are arranged in such a manner as to be connected to the second cycle. A second refrigerant circulates through the second cycle. The first evaporator (514) and the second downstream-side condenser (523) constitute a cascade condenser (531). In the cascade condenser (531), heat is exchanged between the first refrigerant and the second refrigerant. At least one of the first refrigerant and the second refrigerant is a refrigerant mixture containing at least 1,2-difluoroethylene (FO-1132(E)).

Abstract: A refrigeration cycle apparatus that is able to reduce the amount of refrigerant used while reducing a pressure loss in the case where a refrigerant containing at least 1,2-difluoroethylene is used is provided. In an air conditioner (1) including a refrigerant circuit (10), including a compressor (21), an outdoor heat exchanger (23), an outdoor expansion valve (24), and an indoor heat exchanger (31), and a refrigerant containing at least 1,2-difluoroethylene and sealed in the refrigerant circuit (10), the outdoor heat exchanger (23) has a heat transfer tube (23b) of which a pipe diameter is greater than or equal to 6.35 mm and less than 10.0 mm.

Abstract: A refrigeration cycle apparatus capable of keeping a LCCP low when a heat cycle is performed using a sufficiently small-GWP refrigerant, and a method of determining a refrigerant enclosure amount in the refrigeration cycle apparatus are provided. An outdoor unit (20) including a compressor (21) and an outdoor heat exchanger (23), an indoor unit (30) including an indoor heat exchanger (31), and a refrigerant pipe (5, 6) that connects the outdoor unit (20) and the indoor unit (30) to each other are provided. A refrigerant containing at least 1,2-difluoroethylene is enclosed in a refrigerant circuit (10) that is constituted by connecting the compressor (21), the outdoor heat exchanger (23), and the indoor heat exchanger (31) to one another. An enclosure amount of the refrigerant in the refrigerant circuit (10) per 1 kW of refrigeration capacity satisfies a condition of 160 g or more and 560 g or less.

Abstract: A refrigeration cycle apparatus capable of keeping a LCCP low when a heat cycle is performed using a sufficiently small-GWP refrigerant, and a method of determining a refrigerant enclosure amount in the refrigeration cycle apparatus are provided. An outdoor unit (20) including a compressor (21) and an outdoor heat exchanger (23), an indoor unit (30) including an indoor heat exchanger (31), and a refrigerant pipe (5, 6) that connects the outdoor unit (20) and the indoor unit (30) to each other are provided. A refrigerant containing at least 1,2-difluoroethylene is enclosed in a refrigerant circuit (10) that is constituted by connecting the compressor (21), the outdoor heat exchanger (23), and the indoor heat exchanger (31) to one another. An enclosure amount of the refrigerant in the refrigerant circuit (10) per 1 kW of refrigeration capacity satisfies a condition of 160 g or more and 560 g or less.

Abstract: A refrigeration cycle apparatus that is able to reduce the amount of refrigerant used while reducing a pressure loss in the case where a refrigerant containing at least 1,2-difluoroethylene is used is provided. In an air conditioner (1) including a refrigerant circuit (10), including a compressor (21), an outdoor heat exchanger (23), an outdoor expansion valve (24), and an indoor heat exchanger (31), and a refrigerant containing at least 1,2-difluoroethylene and sealed in the refrigerant circuit (10), the outdoor heat exchanger (23) has a heat transfer tube (23b) of which a pipe diameter is greater than or equal to 6.35 mm and less than 10.0 mm.

Abstract: A warm-water generating apparatus (1) uses, as a refrigerant, a mixed refrigerant containing at least 1,2-difluoroethylene (HFO-1132(E)). The warm-water generating apparatus (1) includes a compressor (21), a heat-source-side air heat exchanger (24), an expansion valve (23), and a use-side water heat exchanger (22). The water heat exchanger (22) causes the mixed refrigerant flowing therein and first water to exchange heat with each other to heat the first water.

Abstract: In a piezoelectric element, internal stress generated in an inactive portion at the time of sintering when a piezoelectric element is fabricated or stress applied from the outside to the inactive portion is absorbed by a recess of a lower surface of a first through hole conductor and a recess of an upper surface of a second through hole conductor. Accordingly, for example, deformation, rupture, or the like of the through hole conductor is prevented, and conduction failure or disconnection of an electrode layer or a through hole conductor is prevented. Further, in the inactive portion, since a protrusion of the piezoelectric layer enters the recess of the through hole conductor, a holding force of the piezoelectric layer with respect to the through hole conductor increases, and deformation of the through hole conductor is prevented or obstructed.

Abstract: Provided is a refrigerant composition that has a low GWP; is non-flammable or mildly flammable; and has a refrigerating capacity (Cap) and/or coefficient of performance (COP) equivalent to or higher than those of traditional refrigerants, such as R-134a, R-410A, R-123, or R-404A, when used as an alternative refrigerant for these traditional refrigerants. Specifically, provided is a refrigerant composition containing FO-1216 and a hydrofluoroolefin, wherein the hydrofluoroolefin is at least one member of HFO-1234ze and HFO-1243zf.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method for producing a fluorine-containing haloolefin compound, the method easily inhibiting catalyst deactivation, and the method being capable of inhibiting a decrease in conversion and selectivity in the reaction, even when the reaction is continued for a long period of time. The present invention is a method for producing a fluorine-containing haloolefin compound via a step of fluorinating a C3 halogenated hydrocarbon. The method comprises a step of removing a stabilizer contained in the C3 halogenated hydrocarbon before the fluorination step.

Abstract: This invention provides a process for producing 2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene, comprising: reacting anhydrous hydrogen fluoride with at least one chlorine-containing compound selected from the group consisting of chloropropanes and chloropropenes represented by specific formulas in a gas phase in the presence of a chromium atom-containing fluorination catalyst while heating, the reaction being carried out in the presence of molecular chlorine or with a water content in the reaction system of 300 ppm or less. This invention enables suppression of catalyst deterioration and efficient production of 2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene in a simple and economically advantageous manner on an industrial scale.

Abstract: This invention provides a process for producing 2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene, comprising: reacting anhydrous hydrogen fluoride with at least one chlorine-containing compound selected from the group consisting of chloropropanes and chloropropenes represented by specific formulas in a gas phase in the presence of a chromium atom-containing fluorination catalyst while heating, the reaction being carried out in the presence of molecular chlorine or with a water content in the reaction system of 300 ppm or less. This invention enables suppression of catalyst deterioration and efficient production of 2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene in a simple and economically advantageous manner on an industrial scale.

Abstract: This invention provides a method for stably producing 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene for a long period of time wherein unreacted materials are reused after distillation without liquid-liquid separation to suppress catalyst deactivation.

Abstract: This invention provides a method for stably producing 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene for a long period of time while suppressing catalyst deactivation. This invention provides a method for producing 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene, the method comprising: (d) reacting 2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene with hydrogen fluoride in the presence of a catalyst; (e) subjecting the reaction mixture obtained in step (d) to distillation to separate the mixture into a first stream comprising 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene as a main component and a second stream comprising unreacted hydrogen fluoride and organic matter containing unreacted 2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene as main components; and (f) recycling the second stream separated in step (e) above to the reaction of step (d), wherein the distillation of step (e) is performed under conditions that satisfy the relationship of a specific equation.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method for producing a fluorine-containing haloolefin compound, the method easily inhibiting catalyst deactivation, and the method being capable of inhibiting a decrease in conversion and selectivity in the reaction, even when the reaction is continued for a long period of time. The present invention is a method for producing a fluorine-containing haloolefin compound via a step of fluorinating a C3 halogenated hydrocarbon. The method comprises a step of removing a stabilizer contained in the C3 halogenated hydrocarbon before the fluorination step.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method for producing a fluorine-containing haloolefin compound, said method being able to reduce the generation of overly fluorinated compounds as by-products in the production of the fluorine-containing haloolefin compound and produce the target product of high purity at a high yield. The invention also provides a halogenated hydrocarbon composition. The method for producing a haloolefin compound through the step of fluorinating a starting material containing at least one of a pentachloropropane or a tetrachloropropene in the presence of a fluorinating agent in a reactor, according to the present invention, includes the step of adding hydrogen chloride to the reactor. The composition according to the present invention contains: at least one member selected from the group consisting of a pentachloropropane and a tetrachloropropene; and hydrogen chloride.

Abstract: In a piezoelectric element, internal stress generated in an inactive portion at the time of sintering when a piezoelectric element is fabricated or stress applied from the outside to the inactive portion is absorbed by a recess of a lower surface of a first through hole conductor and a recess of an upper surface of a second through hole conductor. Accordingly, for example, deformation, rupture, or the like of the through hole conductor is prevented, and conduction failure or disconnection of an electrode layer or a through hole conductor is prevented. Further, in the inactive portion, since a protrusion of the piezoelectric layer enters the recess of the through hole conductor, a holding force of the piezoelectric layer with respect to the through hole conductor increases, and deformation of the through hole conductor is prevented or obstructed.

Abstract: This invention provides a process for producing 2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene, comprising: reacting anhydrous hydrogen fluoride with at least one chlorine-containing compound selected from the group consisting of chloropropanes and chloropropenes represented by specific formulas in a gas phase in the presence of a chromium atom-containing fluorination catalyst while heating, the reaction being carried out in the presence of molecular chlorine or with a water content in the reaction system of 300 ppm or less. This invention enables suppression of catalyst deterioration and efficient production of 2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene in a simple and economically advantageous manner on an industrial scale.

Abstract: The object of the present invention is to provide a process for producing ?-fluoroacrylic acid ester at a high starting material conversion, high selectivity, and high yield. The present invention provides a process for producing the compound represented by the formula (1) wherein R represents alkyl optionally substituted with one or more fluorine atoms, the process comprising step A of reacting a compound represented by the formula (2) wherein X represents a bromine atom or a chlorine atom with an alcohol represented by the formula (3) wherein the symbol is as defined above, and carbon monoxide in the presence of a transition metal catalyst and a base to thereby obtain the compound represented by the formula (1).

Abstract: This invention provides a method for stably producing 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene for a long period of time wherein unreacted materials are reused after distillation without liquid-liquid separation to suppress catalyst deactivation.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method for producing a fluorine-containing haloolefin compound, said method being able to reduce the generation of overly fluorinated compounds as by-products in the production of the fluorine-containing haloolefin compound and produce the target product of high purity at a high yield. The invention also provides a halogenated hydrocarbon composition. The method for producing a haloolefin compound through the step of fluorinating a starting material containing at least one of a pentachloropropane or a tetrachloropropene in the presence of a fluorinating agent in a reactor, according to the present invention, includes the step of adding hydrogen chloride to the reactor. The composition according to the present invention contains: at least one member selected from the group consisting of a pentachloropropane and a tetrachloropropene; and hydrogen chloride.