Abstract: A liquid developer containing a curable insulating liquid, a cationic polymerization initiator, and a toner particle containing a binder resin and carbon black, wherein the carbon black is basic, or wherein the toner particle contains a carbon black dispersing agent, and the carbon black dispersing agent has a dispersing group and an adsorptive group, and the adsorptive group is an amino group.

Abstract: A liquid developer comprising a toner particle containing a binder resin and a carbon black, a toner particle dispersing agent, and a carrier liquid, wherein amounts of group 15 elements, group 16 elements, and group 17 elements on a surface of the carbon black are respectively 0.1 atomic percent or less with respect to a total amount of elements on the carbon black surface.

Abstract: To provide an electrophotographic photosensitive member which satisfies abrasion resistance and electrical properties and which is difficult to cause image deletion. A surface layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member of this invention contains a polymerized product of a hole transporting compound having a polymerizable functional group, in which the hole transporting compound is at least one compound selected from the group consisting of: a compound consisting of one or more carbon atoms, one or more hydrogen atoms, and one or more halogen atoms; and a compound consisting of one or more carbon atoms, one or more hydrogen atoms, one or more oxygen atoms, and one or more halogen atoms.

Abstract: Provided is a method of manufacturing an organic light emitting device including the step of forming an electron injection layer. The step of forming the electron injection layer includes the steps of: vaporizing in a container a dopant material as a raw material of a dopant; causing the vaporized dopant material to pass a heated medium between the container and the substrate; and forming the organic compound into the electron injection layer. According to the method the organic light emitting device which has high electron injection efficiency and can be driven at a low voltage can be obtained.

Abstract: Provided is a method of manufacturing an organic light emitting device including the step of forming an electron injection layer. The step of forming the electron injection layer includes the steps of: vaporizing in a container a dopant material as a raw material of a dopant; causing the vaporized dopant material to pass a heated medium between the container and the substrate; and forming the organic compound into the electron injection layer. According to the method the organic light emitting device which has high electron injection efficiency and can be driven at a low voltage can be obtained.

Abstract: There is provided a method of producing an organic light emitting apparatus including a substrate, an organic light emitting device formed on the substrate, and a device separating film formed on a periphery of the organic light emitting device, the organic light emitting device including a lower electrode, an organic compound layer, and an upper electrode from the substrate side in the stated order, includes: cleaning a substrate having at least the lower electrode and the device separating film formed thereon by irradiating the substrate with UV-light while introducing gas containing at least oxygen in an atmosphere and exhausting the gas under a pressure in a range of 10 Pa or more to 10,000 Pa or less; forming an organic compound layer on the cleaned lower electrode; and forming an upper electrode on the organic compound layer.

Abstract: Provided is a method of manufacturing an organic light emitting device including the step of forming an electron injection layer. The step of forming the electron injection layer includes the steps of: vaporizing in a container a dopant material as a raw material of a dopant; causing the vaporized dopant material to pass a heated medium between the container and the substrate; and forming the organic compound into the electron injection layer. According to the method the organic light emitting device which has high electron injection efficiency and can be driven at a low voltage can be obtained.

Abstract: A toner is comprised of toner particles composed of at least a binder resin and a clorant, wherein the toner particles each have a coating layer formed on their surfaces in a state of particulate matters being stuck to one another. The particulate matters contains at least a silicon compound.

Abstract: A toner is comprised of toner particles composed of at least a binder resin and a clorant, wherein the toner particles each have a coating layer formed on their surfaces in a state of particulate matters being stuck to one another. The particulate matters contains at least a silicon compound.

Abstract: A toner is comprised of toner particles composed of at least a binder resin and a clorant, wherein the toner particles each have a coating layer formed on their surfaces in a state of particulate matters being stuck to one another. The particulate matters contains at least a silicon compound.

Abstract: A magnetic coated carrier suitable for constituting a two-component type developer for use in electrophotography is composed of magnetic coated carrier particles comprising magnetic coated carrier particles comprising magnetic carrier core particles each comprising a binder resin and metal oxide particles, and a coating layer surface-coating each carrier core particle. The metal oxide particles have been subjected to a surface lipophilicity-imparting treatment. The magnetic carrier core particles have a resistivity of at least 1.times.10.sup.10 ohm.cm, and the magnetic coated carrier has a resistivity of at least 1.times.10.sup.12 ohm.cm. The magnetic coated carrier has a particle size distribution such that (i) it has a number-average particle size Dn of 5-100 .mu.m, (ii) it satisfies a relationship of Dn/.sigma..gtoreq.3.5, wherein .sigma.

Abstract: A two-component type developer for developing an electrostatic image is constituted by at least a toner and a magnetic carrier. The toner has a weight-average particle size D4 of at most 10 .mu.m and a number-average particle size D1 satisfying D4/D1.ltoreq.1.5. The magnetic carrier comprises composite particles comprising magnetic iron compound particles, non-magnetic metal oxide particles, and a binder comprising a phenolic resin. The composite particles contain the magnetic iron compound and the non-magnetic metal oxide in a total proportion of 80-99 wt. %. The magnetic iron compound particles have a number-average particle size ra, and the non-magnetic metal oxide particles have a number-average particle size r.sub.b satisfying r.sub.b /r.sub.a >1.0.

Abstract: A process for producing toner particles is conducted by:preparing toner precursor particles containing at least binder resin and coloring agent; andspherizing the toner precursor particles to obtain toner particles;wherein spherizing steps include;(1) dispersing the toner precursor particles in an aqueous medium containing a dispersant, thereby preparing a disperse system (a);(2) dispersing oil droplet particles containing a softening agent into an aqueous medium, thereby preparing a disperse system (b);(3) preparing a mixed disperse system (c) by adding the disperse system (a) to the disperse system (b), and causing the softening agent to be absorbed by the toner precursor particles in the mixed disperse system (c); and(4) removing the softening agent from the toner precursor particles.

Abstract: A developing method including the steps of: stirring a two component-type developer which contains a toner and a carrier; conveying the developer to a developing section with a conveying screw and a developer carrying member; and developing an electrostatic latent image on an image holding member by forming a magnetic brush on a developing magnetic pole, wherein the carrier is a magnetic material dispersion-type resin carrier containing a binder resin and a metal oxide, has a low coercive force and has been previously exposed and magnetized in a specific magnetic field and has stable residual magnetization, thereby imparting a high durability to the developer and making it usable for a long time to reproduce a large number of images having stable qualities.

Abstract: A charging apparatus for an electrophotographic apparatus has a charging member provided with a magnetic brush of magnetic particles and an object member to be charged. The charging member is capable of electrostatically charging the object member upon application of a voltage. The magnetic particles are composed of a composite containing 80 to 98% by weight of a metal oxide and a thermosetting resin having been carbonized in part. Magnetic particles having a particle diameter 1/2 times or less the number-average particle diameter of the particles are contained in an amount of 30% or less by number.

Abstract: A two-component type developer for developing an electrostatic image is constituted by at least a toner and a magnetic carrier. The toner has a weight-average particle size D4 of at most 10 .mu.m and a number-average particle size D1 satisfying D4/D1.ltoreq.1.5. The magnetic carrier comprises composite particles comprising magnetic iron compound particles, non-magnetic metal oxide particles, and a binder comprising a phenolic resin. The composite particles contain the magnetic iron compound and the non-magnetic metal oxide in a total proportion of 80-99 wt. %. The magnetic iron compound particles have a number-average particle size ra, and the non-magnetic metal oxide particles have a number-average particle size r.sub.b satisfying r.sub.b /r.sub.a >1.0.

Abstract: A magnetic coated carrier suitable for constituting a two-component type developer for use in electrophotography is composed of magnetic coated carrier particles comprising magnetic carrier core particles and a resinous surface coated layer coating the magnetic carrier core particles. The carrier is suitably constituted so as to satisfy the condition of: (a) the magnetic carrier core particles has a resistivity of at least 1.times.10.sup.10 ohm.cm, and the magnetic coated carrier has a resistivity of at least 1.times.10.sup.12 ohm.cm, (b) the magnetic coated carrier has a number-average particle size of 1-100 .mu.m and has such a particle size distribution that particles having particle sizes of at most a half of the number-average particle size occupy an accumulative percentage of at most 20% by number, (c) the magnetic coated carrier has a shape factor SF-1 of 100-130, (d) the magnetic coated carrier has a magnetization at 1 kilo-oersted of 40-250 emu/cm.sup.

Abstract: A two-component type developer for developing an electrostatic image is constituted by at least a toner and a magnetic carrier. The toner has a weight-average particle size D4 of 1-10 .mu.m, a number-average particle size D1 and such a particle size distribution that particles having size of at most D1/2 occupy at most 20% by number and particles having sizes of at least D4.times.2 occupy at most 10% by volume. The magnetic carrier has a number-average particle size of 1-100 .mu.m and contains at most 20% by number of particles having sizes in the range of at most a half of the number-average particle size, the magnetic carrier has a resistivity of at least 1.times.10.sup.12 ohm.cm and has a core having a resistivity of at least 1.times.10.sup.10 ohm.cm, and the magnetic carrier has a magnetization at 1 kilo-oersted of 30-150 emu/g.

Abstract: A carrier for use in electrophotography has carrier particles. The carrier particles each comprise a carrier core particle and a resin for coating the carrier core particle and having a resistivity of 10.sup.10 .OMEGA..multidot.cm or above under conditions of a temperature of 23.degree. C. and a humidity of 50% RH. The carrier particles have an average particle diameter of not larger than 100 .mu.m and a resistivity of 10.sup.10 .OMEGA..multidot.cm or above. The carrier particles comprise not less than 80% by number of resin-coated carrier particles whose carrier core particles are each coated with a resin in a coverage of not less than 90%.