Abstract: A process for preparing an azetidinone derivative represented by the formula (I) ##STR1## wherein R.sup.1 represents an aryl group, arylmethyl group or aryloxymethyl group, R.sup.2 represents hydrogen atom or a carboxyl-protecting group and R.sup.3 represents an alkyl group or aryl group, the process comprising reacting an azetidinone derivative represented by the formula (II) ##STR2## wherein R.sup.1, R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 are as defined above with a chlorinating agent.

Abstract: A process for separating cyclic phosphazene oligomers from a mixture containing cyclic phosphazene oligomers and linear phosphazenes by bringing the mixture into contact with a mineral adsorbent composed of mainly silicon and/or aluminum and removing the adsorbent. Cyclic phosphazene oligomers of high purity can be readily separated in high yields by the process.

Abstract: An improved process for preparing tri- and tetraphosphonitrilic chlorides in a shortened period of time in high yields by reacting ammonium chloride with phosphorus pentachloride produced simultaneously with the progress of the reaction from phosphorus trichloride and chlorine, in an organic solvent inert to chlorine in the presence of a catalyst, while adding dropwise phosphorus trichloride and supplying chlorine gas to the reaction system.

Abstract: A process for preparing tri- and tetra-phosphonitrilic chlorides in a shortened period of time in high yields by reacting ammonium chloride with phosphorus pentachloride in an organic solvent inert to chlorine in the presence of at least one catalyst selected from metal oxides of Groups II-A, II-B, III-A, IV-A, IV-B and VIII of the Periodic Table, metal sulfides, metal salts of fatty acids, metal complexes, organometallic compounds and metal peroxides of Groups II-A and II-B of the Periodic Table, metal hydroxides of Groups III-A and VIII of the Periodic Table, and magnesium hydroxide.

Abstract: A composition for inhibiting the growth of plants comprising:(1) 6-hydroxy-3-(2H)-pyridazinone or a salt thereof,(2) at least one compound represented by the formulaR.sup.1 --O--CH.sub.2 CH(R.sup.2)--O].sub.l H (A)wherein R.sup.1 is alkyl, alkenyl, aralkyl, alkylphenyl or alkylnaphthyl group, R.sup.2 is H or --CH.sub.3, l is an integer of 3 to 30, and(3) at least one compound represented by the formulaR.sup.3 --O--CH.sub.2 CH(R.sup.4)--O].sub.m X (B)wherein R.sup.3 is alkyl, alkenyl, aralkyl, alkylphenyl or alkylnaphthyl group, R.sup.4 is H or CH.sub.3, m is an integer of 1 to 100, X is --SO.sub.3 M, --CH.sub.2 CH(OH)CH.sub.2 SO.sub.3 M, --CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 SO.sub.3 M, --CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 SO.sub.3 M, --CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 SO.sub.3 M, --OCH.sub.2 COOM, --OCH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 COOM or --OCH.sub.2 CH(CH.sub.3)COOM, M being alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, ammonium group, quaternary ammonium group or H.

Abstract: Vinyl polymers are prepared by emulsion polymerization using as an emulsifier a nonionic surfactant which has been prepared by adding 30 to 100 mols of alkylene oxide to one mol of a polyhydric alcohol having from 3 to 10 functional hydroxyl groups to form a first reaction product and then esterifying said first reaction product to introduce therein one to 2 mols of an acyl group having from 6 to 22 carbon atoms.

Abstract: A novel antistatic agent soluble in organic solvent which can afford durable antistatic property to hydrophobic fibers and fibrous structures is provided. Such antistatic agent consists substantially of a complex compound of a polyvinyl derivative having quaternary ammonium groups in its side chains, its counter anion being substituted with an anionic surfactant containing 2 to 8 ethylene oxide units, an ester-bonded sulfonate, an alkylamidocarboxylic acid salt or an amphoteric surfactant of carboxylic acid type.Hydrophobic fibers and fibrous structures having durable antistatic property, and a process for producing such hydrophobic fibers and fibrous structures also are provided, by utilizing the above antistatic agent.