Abstract: The composition applied to the refractory structure has a magnesia-based refractory material, calcia source and a binder. After application of the refractory material to a refractory structure and upon application of heat to the applied refractory material a matrix is formed which protects against penetration of the slag into the refractory material. The resulting refractory material has improved hot strength, slag resistance and durability.

Abstract: The composition applied to the refractory structure has a magnesia-based refractory material, calcia source and a binder. After application of the refractory material to a refractory structure and upon application of heat to the applied refractory material a matrix is formed which protects against penetration of the slag into the refractory material. The resulting refractory material has improved hot strength, slag resistance and durability.

Abstract: The composition applied to the refractory structure has a magnesia-based refractory material, calcium carbonate and a binder. After application of the refractory material to a refractory structure and upon application of heat to the applied refractory material a matrix is formed which protects against penetration of the slag into the refractory material. The resulting refractory material has improved hot strength, slag resistance and durability.

Abstract: A lance nozzle insert for a refractory lance for feeding an additive wire into a quantity of molten metal below the surface of the molten metal surface is made of a material comprising stabilized zirconium oxide and graphite substantially increasing the corrosion resistance of the lance nozzle insert.

Abstract: The composition applied to the refractory structure has a magnesia-based refractory material, calcia source and a binder. After application of the refractory material to a refractory structure and upon application of heat to the applied refractory material a matrix is formed which protects against penetration of the slag into the refractory material. The resulting refractory material has improved hot strength, slag resistance and durability.

Abstract: A lance nozzle tip for a refractory lance for feeding an additive wire into a quantity of molten metal below the surface of the molten metal surface has a refractory casing and a conduit located within the refractory casing. The refractory casing has a nozzle portion which has a lance nozzle insert. The conduit has a first portion in the nozzle portion and a main portion having a second portion of the conduit. The first portion of the conduit has a passage extending from an inlet end of the first portion of the conduit to an outlet end of the first portion of the conduit. The passage has a diameter for a substantial portion of the length of the first portion of the conduit and a funnel-shaped portion at the inlet end of the first portion of the conduit for guiding the additive wire conveyed through the passage and second portion of the conduit.

Abstract: A process and apparatus for feeding an additive to a molten metal in a vessel to achieve a uniform dispersion of the additive are provided. In one example, the outlet of the lance is positioned below the surface of the molten metal. The lance is moved with a reciprocating motion, so that the outlet of the lance moves below the surface of the molten metal. The additive is dispensed through the outlet of the lance along a path traversed by the outlet in the molten metal while the lance reciprocates.

Abstract: The composition applied to the refractory structure has a magnesia-based refractory material, calcium carbonate and a binder. After application of the refractory material to a refractory structure and upon application of heat to the applied refractory material a matrix is formed which protects against penetration of the slag into the refractory material. The resulting refractory material has improved hot strength, slag resistance and durability.

Abstract: A lance nozzle insert for a refractory lance for feeding an additive wire into a quantity of molten metal below the surface of the molten metal surface is made of a material comprising stabilized zirconium oxide and graphite substantially increasing the corrosion resistance of the lance nozzle insert.