Abstract: A biocompatible structure includes a scaffold obtained from a 3D structure. The 3D structure includes base layered structures, each of which includes at least a first layer and a second layer surrounded by the first layer. The first layer includes at least one of first, second and third media. The second layer includes at least another of the first, second and third media. The first medium comprises bone particles. The second medium comprises a polymer dissolvable in a first solvent. The third medium comprises solid particulates dissolvable in a second solvent different than the first solvent. The 3D structure is treated with the second solvent to dissolve the solid particulates so as to form pores at positions of the solid particulates therein, thereby resulting in the scaffold having a porosity adjustable by sizes of the solid particulates and concentration of the solid particulates in the 3D structure.

Abstract: A method of making a nanocomposite includes forming at least one gold nanorod; coating a silver layer on an outer surface of the gold nanorod; assembling a Raman reporter molecule layer on the coated silver layer; coating a pegylated layer on the assembled Raman reporter molecule layer; and conjugating the coated pegylated layer with an active layer, the active layer comprising at least one of a targeting molecule configured to bind to the target of interest and a functional molecule configured to interact with the target of interest.

Abstract: A nanoagent for detections and treatments of multiple targets of interest includes multiple types of nanocomposites, each type of nanocomposites comprising at least one nanostructure, each nanostructure having a core and a shell surrounding the core; a respective reporter assembled on the shell of each nanostructure; and a layer of a respective treating agent and a respective targeting agent conjugated to the respective reporter. In use, each type of nanocomposite targets to a respective target of interest according to the respective targeting agent and releases the respective treating agent and the nanostructure therein for therapeutic treatment of the respective target of interest, and the respective target of interest transmits at least one signature responsive to the respective reporter for detection of the respective target of interest.

Abstract: A method of making a nanocomposite includes forming at least one gold nanorod; coating a silver layer on an outer surface of the gold nanorod; assembling a Raman reporter molecule layer on the coated silver layer; coating a pegylated layer on the assembled Raman reporter molecule layer; and conjugating the coated pegylated layer with an active layer, the active layer comprising at least one of a targeting molecule configured to bind to the target of interest and a functional molecule configured to interact with the target of interest.

Abstract: A nanocomposite for detection and treatment of a target of interest including tumor cells or pathogens includes at least one nanostructure, each nanostructure having a core and a shell surrounding the core; a reporter assembled on the shell of each nanostructure; and a layer of a treating agent and a targeting agent conjugated to the reporter. In use, the nanocomposite targets to the target of interest according to the targeting agent and releases the treating agent and the nanostructure therein for therapeutic treatment of the target of interest, and the target of interest transmits at least one signature responsive to the reporter for detection of the target of interest.

Abstract: A method of making at least one nanocomposite for surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) detection of a target of interest includes forming at least one gold nanorod; coating a silver layer on an outer surface of the gold nanorod; assembling a Raman reporter molecule layer on the coated silver layer, wherein the Raman reporter molecule layer comprises Raman reporter molecules that are detectable by the SERS; coating a thiolated polyethylene glycol (PEG) layer on the assembled Raman reporter molecule layer; and conjugating the coated thiolated PEG layer with molecules of an antibody to make the at least one nanocomposite.

Abstract: A method of making at least one nanocomposite for surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) detection of a target of interest includes forming at least one gold nanorod; coating a silver layer on an outer surface of the gold nanorod; assembling a Raman reporter molecule layer on the coated silver layer, wherein the Raman reporter molecule layer comprises Raman reporter molecules that are detectable by the SERS; coating a thiolated polyethylene glycol (PEG) layer on the assembled Raman reporter molecule layer; and conjugating the coated thiolated PEG layer with molecules of an antibody to make the at least one nanocomposite.

Abstract: A two dimensional (2D) active plasmonic scaffold includes a polymer film and one or more nanoparticle layers disposed on the polymer film. The nanoparticles has functional groups attached thereon. A three dimensional (3D) structure fabricated using the 2D scaffold.

Abstract: The disclosure relates to a scaffold for tissue regeneration and methods for fabricating the scaffold. The scaffold includes a three-dimensional structure composed by alternating layers of various materials including a first medium, a second medium and a third medium. The first medium includes bone particles each having a size of 1 nm to 100 mm with or without organic components. The second medium is a natural or synthetic biocompatible and/or biodegradable polymer. The third medium is a material dissolved in a solvent different than the solvent of the polymer and includes solid particulates alone or in polymeric structures that dissolve when immersed in liquid or gaseous solvent environments or based on temperature differentials. The various materials are arranged according to the shape and the size of a bone gap being generated. The three-dimensional structure has a tunable porosity with interconnected channels and pores along with adjustable dimensions.

Abstract: A method for forming a biocompatible structure includes the steps of forming a layered structure having alternatively disposed first layers and second layers, where the first layers includes at least one polymer and first particles, and the second layers includes second particles; and treating the layered structure with a washing solvent to form the biocompatible structure, where the first particles are solvable in the washing solvent.

Abstract: The disclosure relates to a scaffold useable for tissue regeneration and methods for fabricating the scaffold. The scaffold includes a three-dimensional structure having a tunable porosity with interconnected channels and pores along with adjustable dimensions, and being formed of at least one of a first medium, a second medium, a third medium and a fourth medium. The first medium comprises one or more polymers that are biocompatible and biodegradable. The second medium comprises one or more soluble materials, and is mixable with the first medium. The third medium comprises fillers of one or more insoluble materials having structures with dimensions between 1 nm to 5 mm, and is mixable in a bulk or surface of the first medium or the second medium individually, or in a bulk or surface of a combination of the first and second media. The fourth medium comprises an agent.

Abstract: A method of making a nanocomposite includes forming at least one gold nanorod; coating a silver layer on an outer surface of the gold nanorod; assembling a Raman reporter molecule layer on the coated silver layer; coating a pegylated layer on the assembled Raman reporter molecule layer; and conjugating the coated pegylated layer with an active layer, the active layer comprising at least one of a targeting molecule configured to bind to the target of interest and a functional molecule configured to interact with the target of interest.

Abstract: A method of making at least one nanocomposite for surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) detection of a target of interest includes forming at least one gold nanorod; coating a silver layer on an outer surface of the gold nanorod; assembling a Raman reporter molecule layer on the coated silver layer, wherein the Raman reporter molecule layer comprises Raman reporter molecules that are detectable by the SERS; coating a thiolated polyethylene glycol (PEG) layer on the assembled Raman reporter molecule layer; and conjugating the coated thiolated PEG layer with molecules of an antibody to make the at least one nanocomposite.

Abstract: A nanoagent includes at least one nanocomposite. The nanocomposite includes at least one gold nanorod, a silver layer coated on an outer surface of the gold nanorod, a Raman reporter molecule layer coated on the silver layer, a pegylated layer coated on the Raman reporter molecule layer, an active layer conjugated to the pegylated layer. the active layer includes at least one of a targeting molecule configured to bind to a target of interest, and a functional molecule configured to interact with the target of interest. The silver layer has silver nanoparticles. The Raman reporter molecule layer has Raman reporter molecules that are detectable by surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). The pegylated layer has at least one of thiolated polyethylene glycol (HS-PEG), thiolated polyethylene glycol acid (HS-PEG-COOH) and HS-PEG-NHx.

Abstract: A two dimensional (2D) active plasmonic scaffold includes a polymer film and one or more nanoparticle layers disposed on the polymer film. The nanoparticles has functional groups attached thereon. A three dimensional (3D) structure fabricated using the 2D scaffold.

Abstract: A nanoagent for surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) detection of a target of interest, includes one or more nanocomposites. The target of interest may include at least one tumor cell or at least one pathogen. Each nanocomposite includes at least one gold nanorod, a silver layer coated on a surface of the gold nanorod and having silver nanoparticles, a Raman reporter molecule layer assembled on the silver layer and having Raman reporter molecules, a pegylated layer coated on the Raman reporter molecule layer, and an antibody layer conjugated to the pegylated layer. The different nanocomposites of the nanoagent can be represented by different colors when SERS images are collected upon the nanoagent.

Abstract: A nanocomposite for detection and treatment of a target of interest including tumor cells or pathogens includes at least one nanostructure, each nanostructure having a core and a shell surrounding the core; a reporter assembled on the shell of each nanostructure; and a layer of a treating agent and a targeting agent conjugated to the reporter. In use, the nanocomposite targets to the target of interest according to the targeting agent and releases the treating agent and the nanostructure therein for therapeutic treatment of the target of interest, and the target of interest transmits at least one signature responsive to the reporter for detection of the target of interest.

Abstract: A nanoagent for surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) detection of a target of interest, includes one or more nanocomposites. The target of interest may include at least one tumor cell or at least one pathogen. Each nanocomposite includes at least one gold nanorod, a silver layer coated on a surface of the gold nanorod and having silver nanoparticles, a Raman reporter molecule layer assembled on the silver layer and having Raman reporter molecules, a pegylated layer coated on the Raman reporter molecule layer, and an antibody layer conjugated to the pegylated layer. The different nanocomposites of the nanoagent can be represented by different colors when SERS images are collected upon the nanoagent.

Abstract: A nanoagent includes at least one nanocomposite. The nanocomposite includes at least one gold nanorod, a silver layer coated on an outer surface of the gold nanorod, a Raman reporter molecule layer coated on the silver layer, a pegylated layer coated on the Raman reporter molecule layer, an active layer conjugated to the pegylated layer. the active layer includes at least one of a targeting molecule configured to bind to a target of interest, and a functional molecule configured to interact with the target of interest. The silver layer has silver nanoparticles. The Raman reporter molecule layer has Raman reporter molecules that are detectable by surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). The pegylated layer has at least one of thiolated polyethylene glycol (HS-PEG), thiolated polyethylene glycol acid (HS-PEG-COOH) and HS-PEG-NHx.