Abstract: An oil shaped charge for deeper penetration includes a case, a quantity of explosive material, and a liner. The case is designed with different inner surface sections, where the step inner surface section creates maximum space for the explosive material so that the explosive material can be effectively placed between the case and the liner. A step conical region of the liner, a step conical inner surface of the case, and an effective placement of the explosive material are able to achieve significantly higher speeds for liner materials flow into the jet, thus creating deeper penetration.

Abstract: An oil shaped charge for deeper penetration includes a case, a quantity of explosive material, and a liner. The case is designed with different inner surface sections, where the step inner surface section creates maximum space for the explosive material so that the explosive material can be effectively placed between the case and the liner. A step conical region of the liner, a step conical inner surface of the case, and an effective placement of the explosive material are able to achieve significantly higher speeds for liner materials flow into the jet, thus creating deeper penetration.

Abstract: The invention is related to a device having an explosive device wherein said device is located at a tip or attached along a length of a pile, and the method using thereof. The device comprises at least one main pipe connection and a bearing pipe, both of which have same diameters as to the pile, whereas the explosive device is installed within the bearing pipe. After a controlled detonation of the explosive device, the bearing pipe expands both in diameter and volume, which has cross-sections of ellipse-like or lantern-like shapes.

Abstract: Provided are methods for determining susceptibility, resistance or tolerance to Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (Map) infection, comprising: determining, using a biological sample from a mammalian subject, a presence or absence of at least one EDN2 gene mutation, or the genotype of at least one EDN2 gene single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) selected from the SNP group consisting of SNP105 (nucleotide position 105,288,174 on BTA3 (UMD 3.1)), SNP208 (nucleotide position 105,298,664 on BTA3 (UMD 3.1)), and SNP272 (nucleotide position 105,305,070 by on BTA3 (UMD 3.1)), that segregates with resistance and/or tolerance to Map tissue infection; and determining, based thereon, at least one of susceptibility, resistance or tolerance of the mammalian subject to Map infection. Additionally provided are mammals (e.g., bovine) derived culling, selecting, or selective breeding, based on disclosed methods, and methods for procuring mammals.

Abstract: Provided are methods for determining susceptibility, resistance or tolerance to Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (Map) infection, comprising: determining, using a biological sample from a mammalian subject, a presence or absence of at least one EDN2 gene mutation, or the genotype of at least one EDN2 gene single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) selected from the SNP group consisting of SNP105 (nucleotide position 105,288,174 on BTA3 (UMD 3.1)), SNP208 (nucleotide position 105,298,664 on BTA3 (UMD 3.1)), and SNP272 (nucleotide position 105,305,070 by on BTA3 (UMD 3.1)), that segregates with resistance and/or tolerance to Map tissue infection; and determining, based thereon, at least one of susceptibility, resistance or tolerance of the mammalian subject to Map infection. Additionally provided are mammals (e.g., bovine) derived culling, selecting, or selective breeding, based on disclosed methods, and methods for procuring mammals.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for perforating a subterranean formation is disclosed. The apparatus includes a tubular carrier; a charge tube disposed in the tubular carrier; and at least one shaped charge mounted in the charge tube which includes a casing, an explosive material and a liner enclosing the explosive material within the casing. An apex portion of the liner has a cross-sectional thickness greater than a cross-sectional thickness of any other portion of the liner. The cross-sectional thickness of the apex portion may be at least fifty percent thicker than a cross-section of a portion adjacent the apex portion. A density of the apex portion may be greater than the density of any other portions of the liner.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for perforating a subterranean formation is disclosed. The apparatus includes a tubular carrier; a charge tube disposed in the tubular carrier; and at least one shaped charge mounted in the charge tube which includes a casing, an explosive material and a liner enclosing the explosive material within the casing. An apex portion of the liner has a cross-sectional thickness greater than a cross-sectional thickness of any other portion of the liner. The cross-sectional thickness of the apex portion may be at least fifty percent thicker than a cross-section of a portion adjacent the apex portion. A density of the apex portion may be greater than the density of any other portions of the liner.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for perforating a subterranean formation is disclosed. The apparatus includes a tubular carrier; a charge tube disposed in the tubular carrier; and at least one shaped charge mounted in the charge tube which includes a casing, an explosive material and a liner enclosing the explosive material within the casing. An apex portion of the liner has a cross-sectional thickness greater than a cross-sectional thickness of any other portion of the liner. The cross-sectional thickness of the apex portion may be at least fifty percent thicker than a cross-section of a portion adjacent the apex portion. A density of the apex portion may be greater than the density of any other portions of the liner.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for perforating a subterranean formation is disclosed. The apparatus includes a tubular carrier; a charge tube disposed in the tubular carrier; and at least one shaped charge mounted in the charge tube which includes a casing, an explosive material and a liner enclosing the explosive material within the casing. An apex portion of the liner has a cross-sectional thickness greater than a cross-sectional thickness of any other portion of the liner. The cross-sectional thickness of the apex portion may be at least fifty percent thicker than a cross-section of a portion adjacent the apex portion. A density of the apex portion may be greater than the density of any other portions of the liner.