Abstract: Methods for reducing resistivity of metal gapfill include depositing a conformal layer in an opening of a feature and on a field of a substrate with a first thickness of the conformal layer of approximately 10 microns or less, depositing a non-conformal metal layer directly on the conformal layer at a bottom of the opening and directly on the field using an anisotropic deposition process. A second thickness of the non-conformal metal layer on the field and on the bottom of the feature is approximately 30 microns or greater. And depositing a metal gapfill material in the opening of the feature and on the field where the metal gapfill material completely fills the opening without any voids.

Abstract: Methods of measuring and/or detecting biological targets, methods of distinguishing among the same type of biological target, single-molecule detection systems, fluorescent/biological target complexes, methods of using fluorescent/biological target complexes, and the like are disclosed.

Abstract: A kitchen appliance for heating foodstuff that includes a body having a bottom, a sidewall extending therefrom to define a generally hollow interior and a body rim defining an opening for accessing the interior thereof. The interior is capable of retaining the foodstuff therein. The body includes a pour spout integrally formed within the sidewall and a heating element in a thermal relationship with the body to heat the foodstuff within the body. A lid is removably mountable to the body rim of the body. The lid is sized and shaped to cover the opening of the body when placed on the body rim.

Abstract: The present invention comprises a selection of herbal, organic and inorganic materials with curative effects combined in a powdered form for human ingestion. The demonstrated benefits on human female hormone regulation or replacement include return from irregular to regular and less painful menstrual cycles, raising estrogen and progesterone levels to normal levels through menstrual cycles, return to regular menstrual cycle hormone levels with apparent infertility cure, and return to normative metabolic response from apparent circulatory abnormalities such as excessive sweating, edema, cold hand and feet, stiffness and other such symptoms.