Abstract: A method for cleaning semiconductor substrate without damaging patterned structure on the semiconductor substrate using ultra/mega sonic device comprises applying liquid into a space between a substrate and an ultra/mega sonic device; setting an ultra/mega sonic power supply at frequency f1 and power P1 to drive the ultra/mega sonic device; before bubble cavitation in the liquid damaging patterned structure on the substrate, setting the ultra/mega sonic power supply at zero output; after temperature inside bubble cooling down to a set temperature, setting the ultra/mega sonic power supply at frequency f1 and power P1 again; detecting power on time at power P1 and frequency f1 and power off time separately or detecting amplitude of each waveform output by the ultra/mega sonic power supply; comparing the detected power on time with a preset time ?1, or comparing the detected power off time with a preset time ?2, or comparing detected amplitude of each waveform with a preset value, if the detected power on time

Abstract: A system for controlling damages in cleaning a semiconductor wafer comprising features of patterned structures, the system comprising: a wafer holder for temporary restraining a semiconductor wafer during a cleaning process; an inlet for delivering a cleaning liquid over a surface of the semiconductor wafer; a sonic generator configured to alternately operate at a first frequency and a first power level for a first predetermined period of time and at a second frequency and a second power level for a second predetermined period of time, to impart sonic energy to the cleaning liquid, the first predetermined period of time and the second predetermined period of time consecutively following one another; and a controller programmed to provide the cleaning parameters, wherein at least one of the cleaning parameters is determined such that a percentage of damaged features as a result of the imparting sonic energy is lower than a predetermined threshold.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a particle containing an inner liposomal vesicle (ILV) encapsulating a therapeutic agent; an outer liposomal vesicle (OLV) encapsulating the ILV; a membrane fusion-promoting agent; and a pH-altering agent. Also disclosed are methods of delivering a therapeutic agent to a subject comprising: a) providing a herein disclosed particle b) triggering ILV and OLV fusion; and c) releasing the therapeutic agent outside of the OLV. Also disclosed are methods for treating a disease in a subject in need thereof comprising: administering to a subject a herein disclosed particle. Also disclosed are methods to release insulin to an environment comprising increased glucose levels, the method comprising exposing to the environment a herein disclosed particle.

Abstract: A porphyrine organic framework (“POF”) material is introduced with a one-pot method for photothermal material fabrication. The POF material may be deposited on a support scaffold by reacting a pyrrole by acid-catalyzed dehydration forming a plurality of porphyrin-based covalent organic frameworks particles on the support scaffold.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a particle containing an inner liposomal vesicle (ILV) encapsulating a therapeutic agent; an outer liposomal vesicle (OLV) encapsulating the ILV; a membrane fusion-promoting agent; and a pH-altering agent. Also disclosed are methods of delivering a therapeutic agent to a subject comprising: a) providing a herein disclosed particle b) triggering ILV and OLV fusion; and c) releasing the therapeutic agent outside of the OLV. Also disclosed are methods for treating a disease in a subject in need thereof comprising: administering to a subject a herein disclosed particle. Also disclosed are methods to release insulin to an environment comprising increased glucose levels, the method comprising exposing to the environment a herein disclosed particle.

Abstract: Chinese ink is applied on various materials and stabilized by atomic layer deposition to fabricate solar steam generation devices. The encapsulated ink has excellent photothermal properties and evaporation efficiency under simulated sunlight, holding great promise in solar evaporation device applications.

Abstract: A method for performing deep tissue stimulation using radiation-enabled optogenetics including introducing a plurality of nanoscintillators into a region with light sensitive cells, and targeting the nanoscintillators with a primary radiation to cause the nanoscintillators to emit optical energy. The light sensitive cells having an optically active wavelength range, and the emitted optical energy having a wavelength in the optically active wavelength range. In particular, introducing X-ray excited optical luminescent nanomaterials to a tissue region and controlling electrical activity in cells containing opsins.

Abstract: A porphyrine organic framework (“POF”) material is introduced with a one-pot method for photothermal material fabrication. The POF material may be deposited on a porous substrate, such as for solar steam generation.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a particle containing an inner liposomal vesicle (ILV) encapsulating a therapeutic agent; an outer liposomal vesicle (OLV) encapsulating the ILV; a membrane fusion-promoting agent; and a pH-altering agent. Also disclosed are methods of delivering a therapeutic agent to a subject comprising: a) providing a herein disclosed particle b) triggering ILV and OLV fusion; and c) releasing the therapeutic agent outside of the OLV. Also disclosed are methods for treating a disease in a subject in need thereof comprising: administering to a subject a herein disclosed particle. Also disclosed are methods to release insulin to an environment comprising increased glucose levels, the method comprising exposing to the environment a herein disclosed particle.

Abstract: Chinese ink is applied on various materials and stabilized by atomic layer deposition to fabricate solar steam generation devices. The encapsulated ink has excellent photothermal properties and evaporation efficiency under simulated sunlight, holding great promise in solar evaporation device applications.