Abstract: A method of increasing a work function of an electrode is provided. The method comprises obtaining an electronegative species from a precursor using electromagnetic radiation and reacting a surface of the electrode with the electronegative species. An electrode comprising a functionalized substrate is also provided.

Abstract: A method of increasing a work function of an electrode is provided. The method comprises obtaining an electronegative species from a precursor using electromagnetic radiation and reacting a surface of the electrode with the electronegative species. An electrode comprising a functionalized substrate is also provided.

Abstract: A method of increasing a work function of an electrode is provided. The method comprises obtaining an electronegative species from a precursor using electromagnetic radiation and reacting a surface of the electrode with the electronegative species. An electrode comprising a functionalized substrate is also provided.

Abstract: A nanocomposite material that is both transparent and electrically conductive is provided. The nanocomposite comprises a nanoporous matrix, preferably formed from nanoparticles, that is internally coated with a transparent conductive material to define an internal conductive path within the nanocomposite. The nanocomposite is substantially transparent over a defined spectral range that preferably includes at least a portion of the visible spectrum, and preferably comprises pores with a mean diameter of less than approximately 25 nm. A bilayer may be formed by depositing a layer of a transparent conductive material on top of a nanocomposite layer, or by depositing a second layer of a nanocomposite having different optical properties. The nanocomposites formed using a combination of sequential and/or concurrent deposition techniques are correspondingly discrete and/or continuously varying structures.

Abstract: The present invention provides a layered structure including a fullerene layer exhibiting Ohmic behavior. The layered device includes a layer of fullerenes and a layer of a fluoride compound of pre-selected thickness. The layered structure includes a third layer of an electrically conductive material located on the second layer to which electrical contact can be made. The thickness of the second layer is selected so that the layered structure exhibits substantially Ohmic contact across the first, second and third layers. The present invention also provides a light-emitting device which includes a substrate and a first electrically conductive layer defining an anode electrode layer on the substrate. The device includes an electron transport layer which includes fullerenes, and a second electrically conductive layer defining a cathode electrode layer on the electron transport layer. The device includes a layer of light-emissive material between the anode electrode layer and the electron transport layer.

Abstract: The present invention provides a molecular film by alkaline fluoride n-doping into an electron transport host. The present invention also provides a molecular film where the transport molecule can either be tris (8-hydroxyquinolinato) (Alq3) or fullerene. The present invention further provides a p-n junction and a field-effect transistor of the same materials. Furthermore, the present invention provides a molecular film by fullerene p-doping into a hole transport molecular host. The present invention further provides a P-I-N light-emitting device which includes a substrate and a first electrically conductive layer defining an anode electrode layer on the substrate. The device includes the p-doped molecular film as hole injection layer deposited on the anode, the n-doped electron transport film as electron injection layer, and a second electrically conductive layer defining a cathode electrode layer on the electron injection layer.

Abstract: The present invention provides layered hole injection structures including one or more layers of fullerenes for application in an organic electroluminescent device. The layered structures include a bi-layered structure including an electrically conductive layer serving as electrical contact to external circuit and a fullerene layer sandwiched between the conductive layer and a hole transport layer. The layered structure may also includes a tri-layered structure stacked sequentially including a first electrically conductive layer, a fullerene layer and a hole injection layer material selected from thermally stable molecules such as CuPc. The layered structure may also include a four-layered structure stacked sequentially including a first electrically conductive layer, a fullerene layer on the conductive layer, a noble metal layer on the fullerene layer and another fullerene layer on the noble metal layer.

Abstract: The present invention provides layered hole injection structures including one or more layers of fullerenes for application in an organic electroluminescent device. The layered structures include a bi-layered structure including an electrically conductive layer serving as electrical contact to external circuit and a fullerene layer sandwiched between the conductive layer and a hole transport layer. The layered structure may also includes a tri-layered structure stacked sequentially including a first electrically conductive layer, a fullerene layer and a hole injection layer material selected from thermally stable molecules such as CuPc. The layered structure may also include a four-layered structure stacked sequentially including a first electrically conductive layer, a fullerene layer on the conductive layer, a noble metal layer on the fullerene layer and another fullerene layer on the noble metal layer.

Abstract: The present invention provides a layered metal/fullerene anode structure for efficient hole injection. The layered anode structure includes one or more layers of electrical conductors and a second layer containing fullerenes. The thickness of the second layer is selected so that the layered structure facilitate hole transfer from the layer to second layer under electrical bias. The present invention also provides a light-emitting device which includes a layered metal/fullerene anode. The device includes an hole transport layer, and a second electrically conductive layer defining a cathode electrode layer. The device includes a layer of light-emissive material between the hole transport layer and the cathode electrode. The device may also include a hole injection layer interposed between the layered metal/fullerene anode and the hole transport layer. The device may also include a dielectric layer attached to the metal layer of the layered metal/fullerene anode.

Abstract: The present invention provides a top-emission organic light emitting diode hybrid with a layer of fullerene as electron transport layer. The structure of top-emission OLED is either conventional or inverted, which includes two electrodes, a hole injection layer (HIL); a hole transport layer (HTL); an electron transport layer (ETL) including a layer of fullerene; an emissive layer, which is sandwiched between HTL and ETL. The fullerene layer functions as charge transport to reduce driving voltages.

Abstract: The invention provides three-coordinated organoboron compounds that are useful for photoluminescence and electroluminescence. Compounds of the invention include light emitters, preferably emitting intense blue light, electron transporters, hole transporters and hole injectors. A particularly preferred such compound is p-(1-naphthylphenylamino)-4,4?-biphenyldimesitylborane (BNPB), which demonstrates all of these properties. The invention further provides methods of synthesizing such three-coordinated boron compounds, methods of producing photoluminescence and electroluminescence, methods for charge transports, methods for hole injection, methods of applying the compounds in thin films, and uses of the compounds of the invention in luminescent probes, and electroluminescent displays.

Abstract: The present invention provides an organic light-emitting device (OLED) is comprised of: (a) a cathode for external negative bias lead; (b) an anode for external positive bias lead; (c) an embedded charge injection electrode (ECIE) between the aforementioned cathode and anode; (d) an active region emitting light between the cathode and the anode. The ECIE is selected from low work function elements including Ca, Mg, Al, Ag, Au, Ni, Fe, Ni, and Co, bilayers including Fluorides/Al, Mg/Ag, Ca/Al, and trilayers of Fluorides/Al/Fluorides, Fluorides/Al/(Ca, Mg). The light-emitting layer is elected from conjugated small organic molecules and polymers. The anode is selected based from known high work function materials including ITO, SnO2, Ni, Pt, Au, p++ semiconductors (c-Si, a-Si, a-Si:H, poly silicon). The cathode is selected from one or more layers of high electrical conductive metals and alloys such as ITO, Al, Cr, Cu, Ag, Au, Ni, Fe, Ni, W, Mo and Co.

Abstract: The present invention provides a layered structure including a fullerene layer exhibiting Ohmic behavior. The layered device includes a layer of fullerenes and a layer of a fluoride compound of pre-selected thickness. The layered structure includes a third layer of an electrically conductive material located on the second layer to which electrical contact can be made. The thickness of the second layer is selected so that the layered structure exhibits substantially Ohmic contact across the first, second and third layers. The present invention also provides a light-emitting device which includes a substrate and a first electrically conductive layer defining an anode electrode layer on the substrate. The device includes an electron transport layer which includes fullerenes, and a second electrically conductive layer defining a cathode electrode layer on the electron transport layer. The device includes a layer of light-emissive material between the anode electrode layer and the electron transport layer.