Abstract: An evolutionary compensation method for a spindle rotation error of a CNC grinding machine is provided. Feature points are determined at an edge of a central hole of a spindle of a CNC grinding machine, and a spindle rotation error in-situ measuring device is fixed on the grinding machine and aligned with the edge of the central hole; a trajectory image of the feature points is acquired by using the measuring device; a measured value of the spindle rotation error is obtained according to the trajectory image; features of the spindle rotation error are fused with the measured value of the spindle rotation error, a spindle rotation error compensation model is established, to output a spindle rotation error compensation value, thereby compensating the spindle rotation error. By continuously calibrating the error model using the measured value, accuracy of the error model has been continuously optimized.