Abstract: An x-ray fluorescence system and method of fabrication are provided which include a titanium x-ray source, a focusing, doubly-curved lithium fluoride (LiF) crystal optic, and a detector. The titanium x-ray source includes a titanium target on which electrons impinge to generate a diverging x-ray beam with a titanium-based characteristic energy, and the focusing, doubly-curved LiF crystal optic monochromates and focuses the diverging x-ray beam from the titanium x-ray source to provide a monochromated and focused x-ray excitation beam directed to impinge on a sample. The crystal optic and the titanium x-ray source operate at a Bragg angle which facilitates polarization within the x-ray fluorescence system. The detector receives fluorescence from the sample induced by the x-ray excitation beam impinging thereon, with the fluorescence is indicative of a concentration of at least one element in the sample.

Abstract: An x-ray fluorescence system and method of fabrication are provided which include a titanium x-ray source, a focusing, doubly-curved lithium fluoride (LiF) crystal optic, and a detector. The titanium x-ray source includes a titanium target on which electrons impinge to generate a diverging x-ray beam with a titanium-based characteristic energy, and the focusing, doubly-curved LiF crystal optic monochromates and focuses the diverging x-ray beam from the titanium x-ray source to provide a monochromated and focused x-ray excitation beam directed to impinge on a sample. The crystal optic and the titanium x-ray source operate at a Bragg angle which facilitates polarization within the x-ray fluorescence system. The detector receives fluorescence from the sample induced by the x-ray excitation beam impinging thereon, with the fluorescence is indicative of a concentration of at least one element in the sample.

Abstract: A three-dimensional reconstruction method for coronary vessels includes: pretreating a coronary angiography (CAG) image, extracting a vessel edge profile and two-dimensional guide wires, and dividing inner and outer membranes for intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) images; translating the two-dimensional guide wires located in a first angiography plane and a second angiography plane in the CAG image to the same starting point; building perpendicularly intersected curved surfaces; setting an intersecting line as a three-dimensional guide wire; arranging the IVUS images per frame at equal intervals along the three-dimensional guide wire; rotating the IVUS images to positions perpendicular to tangent vectors in corresponding positions; rotating the IVUS images in a vertical plane of the tangent vectors; back projecting the IVUS images to the CAG image; determining optimal orientation angles according to distances from the back projections and the vessel edge profile to the three-dimensional guide wire; and finally r