Abstract: Embodiments can provide spurs removal in a pilot-tone spread signal. For achieving this, at least one peak in the pilot-tone spread signal may be found. A predetermined small range of the spectra power around the at least one peak may be removed. In some situations, the removal of the spurs in the pilot-tone spread signal may result in inadvertent removal of a normal part of the pilot-tone spread signal. For addressing this, a power ratio between the spectrum of the pilot-tone spread signal before the removal and after the removal can be calculated. For accounting for the power loss due to the spurs removal, this power ratio can be applied to the pilot-tone spread signal after the removal to obtain a corrected pilot-tone spread signal.

Abstract: Articles and methods involving pasting papers are generally provided. In certain embodiments, a pasting paper may comprise a plurality of cellulose fibers, a plurality of multicomponent fibers, and a plurality of glass fibers. In some embodiments, the average fiber diameter of each plurality of fibers is greater than or equal to 1 micron. In some embodiments, a pasting paper may have a thickness of less than 0.2 mm, an air permeability of less than or equal to 300 CFM, a 1.28 spg sulfuric acid wicking height of greater than 3 cm, and/or may be configured to have a dry tensile strength in a machine direction of greater than or equal to 1 lb/in after storage in 1.28 spg sulfuric acid at 75° C. for 168 hours. In some embodiments, a pasting paper may be disposed on a battery paste, such as a battery paste for use in a lead-acid battery. In certain cases, forming a battery plate may comprise disposing a pasting paper on a battery paste.

Abstract: Articles and methods involving pasting papers and/or capacitance layers are generally provided. The pasting paper may comprise a capacitance layer, and/or a stand-alone capacitance layer may be provided. In some embodiments, a pasting paper may comprise a plurality of cellulose fibers, a plurality of multicomponent fibers, and a plurality of glass fibers. In some embodiments, a pasting paper may comprise a plurality of conductive species, a plurality of capacitive species, and/or a plurality of inorganic particles. In some embodiments, a pasting paper may be disposed on a battery paste, such as a battery paste for use in a lead-acid battery. In some cases, forming a battery plate may comprise disposing a pasting paper on a battery paste. In some cases, a lead-acid battery may be assembled by assembling a first battery plate comprising a pasting paper with a separator and a second battery plate.

Abstract: The inclusion of a pilot tone as a modulation of an optical data signal reduces the optical signal to noise ratio (OSNR). Methods and apparatus for receiving an optical signal are provided that compensate for at least a portion of the pilot tone modulation to reduce the pilot tone induced OSNR penalty. An initial waveform is processed to generate a compensated waveform, the processing including dispersion compensation. An intensity waveform is calculated in accordance with the compensated waveform. The intensity waveform is processed to obtain a pilot tone frequency, a modulation depth, and a phase of the pilot tone. The compensated waveform is multiplied with a pilot tone compensation factor that is a function of the pilot tone frequency, the modulation depth, and the phase of the pilot tone to generate a modified compensated waveform. A symbol carried by the modified compensated waveform is determined.

Abstract: The disclosure is directed to a method and system for generating a pilot tone for an optical signal with an optical telecommunications system. The pilot tone is generated in the digital domain by modulating the data to be transmitted to a destination node within the optical telecommunications network. The modulation of the data introduces occurrence modulation to the optical signal.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus are provided that configure a wider passband for one or more channels of a wavelength selective switch (WSS). When a wider passband route WSS and a normal width passband select switch are used in combination, crosstalk that may be introduced by the wider passband route WSS can be mitigated. The wider passband WSS can provide a passband that allows a maximum bandwidth of signal to pass on a given channel and avoid signal being attenuated at the channel edges, especially when channels have a reduced channel spacing, such as with 50 GHz spacing.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a method, an apparatus and a system for monitoring performance of optical network equipment. The method comprises receiving an optical channel signal comprising a first pilot tone in a first spectral sub-band of the optical channel signal and a second pilot tone in a second spectral sub-band of the optical channel signal, the first and the second spectral sub-bands being on opposite sides of a reference frequency of the optical channel signal. The performance of the optical network equipment is monitored based on a power mismatch between the first and second pilot tones of the received optical channel signal. An apparatus and a system for monitoring performance of the optical network equipment are also described.

Abstract: Non-woven webs that can be used as battery separators for batteries, such as lead acid batteries, are generally provided. In some embodiments, battery separators comprising a non-woven web including one or more chemical additives are provided. The chemical additives may impart beneficial properties, such as enhanced separator stability and/or battery performance. In some embodiments, the chemical additive(s) may confer resistance to oxidation, heavy metal deposition, and/or formation of short circuits during cycling of a battery including the battery separator. The respective characteristics and/or amounts of the chemical additive(s) may be selected to impart desirable properties while having relatively minimal or no adverse effects on another property of the battery separator and/or the battery.

Abstract: The disclosure is directed to a method and system for generating a pilot tone for an optical signal with an optical telecommunications system. The pilot tone is generated in the digital domain by modulating the data to be transmitted to a destination node within the optical telecommunications network. The modulation of the data introduces occurrence modulation to the optical signal.

Abstract: An embodiment method includes multiplexing light emitted by the plurality of optical transmitters to provide a multiplexed optical signal; propagating the multiplexed optical signal through an optical interleaver from a first port thereof to a combined port thereof and back to a second port thereof; and detecting an optical signal at the second port of the optical interleaver.

Abstract: A system for monitoring optical signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR) is provided. In some specific examples, the system may use a pilot tone power of a signal modulated with pilot tone to derive the pure signal power and the variance of the whole electric field to derive the total power (pure signal power plus amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) power of the signal). The ASE power can be obtained by subtracting the pure signal power from the total power (ASE+pure signal). Once the ASE power and the pure signal power are known, the OSNR can be calculated.

Abstract: Aspects of the present application provide an optical interconnecting network architecture. The architecture involves a central node coupled to multiple access nodes (ANs), in which the central node includes a pair of optical couplers used to combine optical signals received from the ANs and broadcast the combined optical signals to all destination ANs. A coherent detection receiver in each of the ANs receives the combined optical signals and selectively detects a wavelength carrying the optical signal assigned to that AN by tuning a local oscillator (LO) wavelength of the coherent detection receiver.

Abstract: Embodiments can provide spurs removal in a pilot-tone spread signal. For achieving this, at least one peak in the pilot-tone spread signal may be found. A predetermined small range of the spectra power around the at least one peak may be removed. In some situations, the removal of the spurs in the pilot-tone spread signal may result in inadvertent removal of a normal part of the pilot-tone spread signal. For addressing this, a power ratio between the spectrum of the pilot-tone spread signal before the removal and after the removal can be calculated. For accounting for the power loss due to the spurs removal, this power ratio can be applied to the pilot-tone spread signal after the removal to obtain a corrected pilot-tone spread signal.

Abstract: A system for monitoring optical signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR) is provided. In some specific examples, the system may use a pilot tone power of a signal modulated with pilot tone to derive the pure signal power and the variance of the whole electric field to derive the total power (pure signal power plus amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) power of the signal). The ASE power can be obtained by subtracting the pure signal power from the total power (ASE+pure signal). Once the ASE power and the pure signal power are known, the OSNR can be calculated.

Abstract: An optical transceiver is provided with an optical front end for receiving signal light comprising an optical sub-channel, and for providing an electrical signal based on the signal light; a light source optically coupled to the optical front end for providing local oscillator light thereto for mixing with the signal light; an electro-optical modulator coupled to the light source for receiving output light therefrom and for modulating the output light with digital information to obtain modulated light; and a signal processor operably coupled to the optical front end. The signal processor is configured for processing the electrical signal to obtain a frequency offset of the sub-channel; and adjusting an optical frequency of the modulated light based on the frequency offset. When applied to a multiple-access environment, this may allow access nodes to generate optical sub-channels in the uplink direction using the downlink optical signal as an optical frequency reference.

Abstract: A system monitors optical performance of an optical link within an optical network. The system includes an optical transmitter having an expanded-spectrum pilot-tone modulator for modulating an expanded-spectrum pilot tone onto a high-speed data signal to generate an expanded-spectrum optical signal and an optical receiver for receiving the expanded-spectrum optical signal and for detecting and decoding the expanded-spectrum pilot tone to enable monitoring of the optical performance of the optical link.

Abstract: In some examples, an apparatus receives a first measurement of a plurality of wavelength channels obtained at a first location of an optical medium, and a second measurement of the plurality of wavelength channels obtained at a second location of the optical medium. The apparatus computes a value relating to dispersion in the optical medium by correlating the first measurement and the second measurement.

Abstract: During optical performance monitoring in low SNR conditions, the detection of pilot data may be more difficult because the detector may mistake noise for the pilot data signal. Systems and methods are disclosed herein that try to address this problem. In one embodiment, a pilot tone detector processes the received signal to determine a maximum correlation peak, and then performs tracking of the correlation peak over time. Unlike the pilot data signal, noise is typically more transient in nature. Therefore, if a correlation peak does not actually correspond to the pilot data signal, but instead corresponds to noise, then the correlation peak typically disappears over time when tracked. A search for a new correlation peak may then be performed. When a correlation peak is determined that actually corresponds to the pilot data signal, then the correlation peak typically remains when tracked.

Abstract: A system monitors optical performance of an optical link within an optical network. The system includes an optical transmitter having an expanded-spectrum pilot-tone modulator for modulating an expanded-spectrum pilot tone onto a high-speed data signal to generate an expanded-spectrum optical signal and an optical receiver for receiving the expanded-spectrum optical signal and for detecting and decoding the expanded-spectrum pilot tone to enable monitoring of the optical performance of the optical link.

Abstract: Systems and methods for applying a pilot tone to multiple spectral bands are provided. An initial signal is divided into multiple spectral bands. A pilot tone is applied to each of the spectral bands, and then the signals are again combined for transmission. The pilot tones differ in some way, for example in phase or frequency.