Abstract: Acidic groups such as those in the sulfonic acid family have been successfully linked onto the surface of carbon used as catalyst support. Electrodes made using such sulfonated catalysts as used in electrochemical cells improve the performance of the cells, more so than cells fabricated from electrodes using an unsulfonated electrode.

Abstract: A method for fabricating the embedded thin film resistors of a printed circuit board is provided. The embedded thin film resistors are formed using a resistor layer built in the printed circuit board. Compared with conventional discrete resistors, embedded thin film resistors contribute to a smaller printed circuit board as the space for installing conventional resistors is saved, and better signal transmission speed and quality as the capacitive reactance effect caused by two connectors of the conventional resistors is avoided. The method for fabricating the embedded thin film resistors provided by the invention can be conducted using the process and equipment for conventional printed circuit boards and thereby saving the investment on new types of equipment. The method can be applied in the mass production of printed circuit boards and thereby reduce the manufacturing cost significantly.

Abstract: In one aspect, the invention features a method including sorbing carbon monoxide to a catalyst layer of a fuel cell, and oxidizing the carbon monoxide. The method can be used to pre-condition or activate the catalyst layer.

Abstract: Organic lithium salts suitable for use in electrolytes for primary or secondary rechargeable batteries include de-localized bulky anions over Lewis acid fragments, typically BF3, and organic moieties. The organic moieties may be, for example, anions derived from fused nitrogen heterocycles (e.g. benzeneimidate, benzitriazolate and the like); multi carboxylates (e.g. oxalate, 1,2,4,5-benzenetetracarboxylate and the like), and pyromellitic diimidate. The organic lithium salts of the invention have the general formula: Liq[Org(MXn)m], in which Org represents the organic moieties and MXn represents an organic or inorganic boron, aluminum or phosphorous containing Lewis acid.

Abstract: A method for fabricating the embedded thin film resistors of a printed circuit board is provided. The embedded thin film resistors are formed using a resistor layer built in the printed circuit board. Compared with conventional discrete resistors, embedded thin film resistors contribute to a smaller printed circuit board as the space for installing conventional resistors is saved, and better signal transmission speed and quality as the capacitive reactance effect caused by two connectors of the conventional resistors is avoided. The method for fabricating the embedded thin film resistors provided by the invention can be conducted using the process and equipment for conventional printed circuit boards and thereby saving the investment on new types of equipment. The method can be applied in the mass production of printed circuit boards and thereby reduce the manufacturing cost significantly.

Abstract: In one aspect, the invention features a method including sorbing carbon monoxide to a catalyst layer of a fuel cell, and oxidizing the carbon monoxide. The method can be used to pre-condition or activate the catalyst layer.

Abstract: Fuel cell diffusion layers, and related systems and methods are disclosed.

Abstract: Fuel cell catalyst layers, and related systems and methods are disclosed.

Abstract: Fuel cell plates, and related systems and methods are disclosed.