Abstract: A wading structure health sensing distributed optical fiber calibration system and a method includes a heat insulation barrel, and calibration modules located in the inner ring of the barrel, the calibration module comprises a through-shaft, a first electronic thermometer and a second electronic thermometer, an optical cable to be calibrated is twisted on the through-shaft and is connected to an optical fiber temperature demodulator outside the heat insulation barrel, the first and second electronic thermometers are respectively connected to first and second temperature control meters outside the barrel, a temperature source wire for heating water in the barrel arranged in the wall of the barrel, the temperature source wire connected to a power temperature control meter outside the barrel, and the first temperature control meter connected to cooling and heating devices simultaneously through leads of the first temperature control meter.