Abstract: The present invention provides an underwater acoustic target ranging method based on feature extraction and a neural network, including: acquiring underwater acoustic signals transmitted by an underwater acoustic target at different distances, dividing data by seconds, and using data of one second as one sample; performing framing on each sample; and separately calculating a zero-crossing rate of a time domain waveform, the second, fifth, and eighth coefficients of MFCC, a spectral centroid, a spectral skewness, a spectral entropy, and a spectral sharpness for each frame of data of each sample. In the underwater acoustic target ranging method based on feature extraction and a neural network provided in the present invention, the received underwater acoustic signal data is directly processed, so that the real-time performance is high and the reaction speed is fast.