Abstract: The present invention relates to a preparation method of a P-type high-resistance and ultra-high-resistance Czochralski monocrystalline silicon substrate. According to the present invention, an oxygen concentration in a silicon wafer is controlled to match with a resistivity, so as to realize that a conductive type of the silicon substrate does not change after a device is manufactured, and that the silicon substrate has a high resistivity. The oxygen concentration and the resistivity in silicon crystal can be adjusted separately or together; and operation is flexible, and a yield of a high-resistance silicon crystal is greatly improved.

Abstract: A computer-implemented method for maintaining a file management system using cognitive computing includes identifying one or more users for assigning respective mergeable copies of a file of a file management system using machine learning, including building a predictive model and predicting the one or more users based on the predictive model, providing the one or more users access to respective ones of the one or more mergeable copies of the file, and automatically merging content from the one or more mergeable copies into the file in accordance with a merge rule.

Abstract: A computer-implemented method for maintaining a file management system using cognitive computing includes identifying one or more users for assigning respective mergeable copies of a file of a file management system using machine learning, including building a predictive model and predicting the one or more users based on the predictive model, providing the one or more users access to respective ones of the one or more mergeable copies of the file, and automatically merging content from the one or more mergeable copies into the file in accordance with a merge rule.

Abstract: A method, a computer program product, and a computer system for conditional permission control in a digital data sheet based on permission formulas. A computer checks permission formulas of data cells in the data sheet, in response that a user opens the data sheet. The computer sets cell permissions for the data cells based on the permission formulas. The computer rechecks the cell permissions, in response to that the user edits one or more of the data cells. The computer resets the cell permissions based on the permission formulas.

Abstract: A method, a computer program product, and a computer system for conditional permission control in a digital data sheet based on permission formulas. A computer checks permission formulas of data cells in the data sheet, in response that a user opens the data sheet. The computer sets cell permissions for the data cells based on the permission formulas. The computer rechecks the cell permissions, in response to that the user edits one or more of the data cells. The computer resets the cell permissions based on the permission formulas.

Abstract: A lateral avalanche photodiode structure including a substrate, a PN diode and a metal layer is provided. The substrate has at least one first electrode area, at least one light receiving area, and at least one second electrode area which are arranged horizontally. The first electrode area is also an avalanche area, and the light receiving area is between the first electrode area and the second electrode area. The PN diode is disposed in the substrate in the first electrode area. The metal layer is disposed on the substrate and covers the first electrode area and the second electrode area, but does not cover the light receiving area.

Abstract: A lateral avalanche photodiode structure including a substrate, a PN diode and a metal layer is provided. The substrate has at least one first electrode area, at least one light receiving area, and at least one second electrode area which are arranged horizontally. The first electrode area is also an avalanche area, and the light receiving area is between the first electrode area and the second electrode area. The PN diode is disposed in the substrate in the first electrode area. The metal layer is disposed on the substrate and covers the first electrode area and the second electrode area, but does not cover the light receiving area.