Abstract: Scalable biomaterial-based bioreactors are described. In one embodiment, the bioreactor may comprise perforated plates stacked such that the assembled bioreactor has the necessary manifolds and chambers to transport gas and liquids to a biomaterial contained within the bioreactor, and to remove the reaction products. In another embodiment, single use bioreactors are described. Methods of operating the bioreactors are also described.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a device for directing a coking-prone liquid to a high temperature environment, where the device includes an inner tube positioned concentrically within an outer tube, creating a first annular space between an outer wall of the inner tube and an inner wall of the outer tube and a first intermediate tube positioned concentrically around the outer tube, creating a second annular space.

Abstract: Scalable biomaterial-based bioreactors are described. In one embodiment, the bioreactor may comprise perforated plates stacked such that the assembled bioreactor has the necessary manifolds and chambers to transport gas and liquids to a biomaterial contained within the bioreactor, and to remove the reaction products. In another embodiment, single use bioreactors are described. Methods of operating the bioreactors are also described.

Abstract: Scalable biomaterial-based bioreactors are described. In one embodiment, the bioreactor may comprise perforated plates stacked such that the assembled bioreactor has the necessary manifolds and chambers to transport gas and liquids to a biomaterial contained within the bioreactor, and to remove the reaction products. In another embodiment, single use bioreactors are described. Methods of operating the bioreactors are also described.

Abstract: Multifunctional catalysts are used to prepare modified bio-oils with improved characteristics. Bio-oil vapor phase, e.g., produced by pyrolysis of biomass, is contacted with a multifunctional catalyst. The multifunctional catalyst catalyzes a plurality of distinct reactions of the bio-oil vapor phase to produce a modified bio-oil.

Abstract: Scalable biomaterial-based bioreactors are described. In one embodiment, the bioreactor may comprise perforated plates stacked such that the assembled bioreactor has the necessary manifolds and chambers to transport gas and liquids to a biomaterial contained within the bioreactor, and to remove the reaction products. In another embodiment, single use bioreactors are described. Methods of operating the bioreactors are also described.

Abstract: A dual bed pyrolysis system may include a falling bed reactor employing a heat carrier particulate to pyrolyze biomass to create a pyrolysis product and a pyrolysis waste product. The dual bed pyrolysis system may also include a fluidized bed reactor. The fluidized bed reactor may accept the pyrolysis waste product including char and heat carrier particulate from the falling bed reactor. The fluidized bed reactor may combust the char in the presence of the heat carrier particulate. The fluidized bed reactor may combust the char to reheat the heat carrier particulate. The reheated heat carrier particulate may be provided to the falling bed reactor to pyrolyze biomass to create a pyrolysis product and a pyrolysis waste product.

Abstract: Described are methods and systems for preparing stabilized bio-oil suitable for subsequent hydrotreatment and forming a hydrocarbon product from a stabilized bio-oil. For example, preparing stabilized bio-oil suitable for subsequent hydrotreatment may include filtering bio-oil effective to remove at least a portion of particles having an effective particulate diameter greater than about 10 micrometers; treating the bio-oil effective to remove at least a portion of inorganic species from the bio-oil; and catalytically stabilizing the bio-oil to provide the stabilized bio-oil suitable for subsequent hydrotreatment. Forming a hydrocarbon product from a stabilized bio-oil may include hydrotreating the stabilized bio-oil by, for example, contacting the stabilized bio-oil to a hydrotreatment catalyst in the presence of hydrogen, thereby providing the hydrocarbon product. Also included are stabilized bio-oil and hydrocarbon products derived therefrom.

Abstract: Systems, methods, and apparatuses are provided for upgrading a bio-oil by reaction with an olefin in the presence of a catalyst. For example, upgraded bio-oil may have improved miscibility with hydrophobic fuels.

Abstract: Methods and apparatuses are provided for pyrolysis using a falling bed reactor. The falling bed reactor may result in effective mixing between a heat carrier and biomass, and may reduce or eliminate inert gas requirements.

Abstract: Vapor phase catalytic reactors and methods for using the same for upgrade of fuels produced by fast pyrolysis of biomass are disclosed.

Abstract: Scalable biomaterial-based bioreactors are described. In one embodiment, the bioreactor may comprise perforated plates stacked such that the assembled bioreactor has the necessary manifolds and chambers to transport gas and liquids to a biomaterial contained within the bioreactor, and to remove the reaction products. In another embodiment, single use bioreactors are described. Methods of operating the bioreactors are also described.

Abstract: An acetylated softwood lignin fiber having a diameter of 5 to 100 microns.

Abstract: A method of making a carbon fiber from softwood alkaline black liquor lignin by acetylating the lignin to provide a meltable and drawable lignin.

Abstract: Methods for blending first and second fibers to provide fiber blends that include blended fiber flocs composed of a substantially homogeneous blend of first and second fibers.

Abstract: A method of making a carbon fiber from softwood alkaline black liquor lignin by acetylating the lignin to provide a meltable and drawable lignin.

Abstract: An acetylated softwood lignin fiber having a diameter of 5 to 100 microns.

Abstract: A refractory vessel that can be used as a gasifier for black liquor includes a generally cylindrical metal shell having a dome. A refractory shell has a cylindrical portion spaced inwardly from the metal shell and a dome portion that is spaced inwardly from the metal dome. The refractory shell is sized to provide an expansion gap between the liner and the metal shell. A selectively crushable liner is positioned in the gap. The liner has a predetermined yield stress that will provide controlled resistance to expansion of the refractory shell.

Abstract: A refractory vessel that can be used as a gasifier for black liquor includes a generally cylindrical metal shell having a dome. A refractory shell has a cylindrical portion spaced inwardly from the metal shell and a dome portion that is spaced inwardly from the metal dome. The refractory shell is sized to provide an expansion gap between the liner and the metal shell. A selectively crushable liner is positioned in the gap. The liner has a predetermined yield stress that will provide controlled resistance to expansion of the refractory shell.

Abstract: A refractory vessel that can be used as a gasifier for black liquor includes a generally cylindrical metal shell having a dome. A refractory shell has a cylindrical portion spaced inwardly from the metal shell and a dome portion that is spaced inwardly from the metal dome. The refractory shell is sized to provide an expansion gap between the liner and the metal shell. A selectively crushable liner is positioned in the gap. The liner has a predetermined yield stress that will provide controlled resistance to expansion of the refractory shell.